History
of the European Union: The European Union (EU) is the result of
a process of cooperation and integration which began in 1951 between
six countries (Belgium, Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg and the
Netherlands). After nearly fifty years, with four waves of accessions
(1973: Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom; 1981: Greece; 1986:
Spain and Portugal; 1995: Austria, Finland and Sweden), the EU today
has fifteen Member States and is preparing for its fifth enlargement,
this time towards Eastern and Southern Europe. This website provides
a history of the European Union and links to more detailed information
on the subject.
Chronology
of the European Union: This website presents the chronology of
important accomplishments of the EU and its institutions. The material
is updated on a monthly basis. From Robert Schuman's declaration of
1950 to the first enlargement waves in the 70's and the 80's, from
the establishment of the Single Market in 1993 to the introduction
of the euro notes and coins on January 1st, 2002, and the opening
of enlargement negotiations with the countries of Eastern and Central
Europe.
EU
History: This website, maintained by the history department of
Leiden University, provides a directory of resources on the history
of European Integration. The material is organized under the headings:
Archives, Historical Documents, Bibliographies, Brussels, Journals,
Cold War, Timelines, EU-Institutions, Non-EU Institutions, Discussion
Groups, Oral Histories, Statistical Sources, Eurospeak and Federalism.
ERCs:
The European Resource Centres for Schools and Colleges (ERCs) provide
teachers and students with information on issues relating to Europe
and support the development of the European dimension in the curriculum.
The ERCs offer resources, many of them free, which can be used to
introduce a valuable European and international dimension into the
classroom. The inclusion of the European dimension in the classroom
can broaden pupils' horizons and gives them an understanding of what
it means to be a part of the European Union.
European
Witch-Hunts: For three centuries of early modern European history,
diverse societies were consumed by a panic over alleged witches in
their midst. Witch-hunts, especially in Central Europe, resulted in
the trial, torture, and execution of tens of thousands of victims,
about three-quarters of whom were women. This website provides an
illustrated overview of the subject.
Encyclopedia
of 1848 Revolutions: In 1848 a series of revolutions took place
in western and central Europe. They sprang from a shared background
of autocratic government and economic unrest, as well as from the
failure of conservative governments to grant representation to the
middle classes, and the awakened nationalism of minorities in Europe.
The Encyclopedia of 1848 website, located at the Ohio University,
has contributions from historians in the United States, England, Germany,
France, Austria, Poland, Hungary, Romania, Canada, Australia and New
Zealand.
Historia
de España: This web site has been created and maintained
by Juan Carlos Ocaña, history teacher in a High School in Madrid.
It has been produced so that students, teachers and everybody else
interested in 20th century history can have access to several sorts
of resources. There are online lessons on First World War and the
Treaties of Peace, International Relations during the Interwar Period,
European Integration Process and European Citizenship and Women's
Suffrage Movement and Feminism, 1789-1945. The online lessons provide
historical texts, chronologies, glossaries, biographies, collections
of selected links and different activities on texts, maps, statistics
and images. The online lessons and the rest of the contents are in
Spanish, although an English and Portuguese version of the European
Integration Process and European Citizenship lessons are available.
Thirty
Years War: A narrative history of the Thirty Years War (1618-48).
The website contains a summary history on the home page, together
with more detailed year-by-year history deeper in the site. It also
includes links to other Thirty Years War related sites, a bibliography
of English-language sources and a map of Central Europe at the start
of the war.
European
Unity: David Howell (Lord Howell of Guildford) is a former Secretary
of State for Energy and for Transport in the UK Government and an
economist and journalist. This website contains Lord Howell's most
recent newspaper and magazine articles, summaries of recent speeches
and lectures and a selection of seminar material. This includes an
interesting speech in the House of Lords: Differing Paths to European
Unity - New Possibilities for Europe in the Network Age.
Economic
and Monetary Union:
In the debate on the euro very little attention is paid to differences
in the levels of income and unemployment across the regions of Europe,
and whether a single currency is likely to narrow or exacerbate these
differences. This is an important issue because existing regional
inequalities already pose a threat to the cohesion of the European
Union. There is a very real possibility that the single currency,
without an effective regional policy, will worsen these disparities.
This special report by the Guardian newspaper provides links to fifteen
articles on the subject of Monetary Union.
Jean
Monnet and European History: European integration process is usually
taught at schools as an isolated process, what turns this subject
into a quite juridical and unattractive lesson in History curricula.
Students should learn EU history as a process immersed into general
World and Europe history. Jean Monnet was undoubtedly one of the main
founders of the European Union. By tracing Monnet's life, students
investigate the main events of European history, from the First World
War to the birth and first enlargement of the EU.
History
of the European Union and European Citizenship: This website,
History
of the European Union: Integration
Process and European Citizenship, has been produced by Juan Carlos
Ocaña, a teacher from Spain. The website focuses on the history
of the EU an the legal notion of European Citizenship. It is targeted
to upper secondary education and early university grades students.
Apart from historical information organised in a chronological way,
biographies, glossary, texts and a timeline are available.
Play
Your Dates Right: This
game tests historical knowledge by inviting students to choose a topic
area and then presenting them with a series of shuffled 'cards'. Students
playing the game have to determine whether the event described on
each new card happened before or after the one to its left. Russel
Tarr (Active History) and John Simkin (Spartacus Educational) have
created 20th Century Europe to celebrate Spring Day In Europe.
Germany
History
of Germany: This detailed history of Germany is taken from the
Area Handbook of the US Library of Congress. Chapters include Early
History, Medieval Germany, Protestant Reformation, Thirty Years' War,
1618-48, Age of Enlightened Absolutism, 1648-1789, French Revolution
and Germany, German Confederation, 1815-66, Bismarck and Unification,
Imperial Germany, Weimar Republic, 1918-33, Third Reich, 1933-45,
Postwar Occupation and Division, Birth of the Federal Republic of
Germany and the German Democratic Republic, West Germany and the Community
of Nations, Ulbricht Era, 1949-71, Social Democratic-Free Democratic
Coalition, 1969-82, Christian Democratic Christian Socialist-Free
Democratic Coalition, Honecker Era, 1971-89 and Opening of the Berlin
Wall and Unification.
Germany:
1900-45: A comprehensive encyclopaedia of Germany. So far there
are sections on the First World War (82), German Art (18), German
Scientists (26), Weimar Republic (16), Political Parties (8), Political
Leaders : 1900-1930 (42), Foreign Policy: 1930-40 (12), Military Leaders
(42), Nazi Germany (34), Nazi Political Leaders (74), German Resistance
to Nazism (52), Holocaust (46).
German-American
History & Heritage: An impressive collection of resources
to use when studying German immigration to the United States. The
website includes biographies of over 200 German-Americans, online
books and miscellaneous essays relating to German-Americans. The teaching
resources section includes materials on 'German Immigrant Culture
in America', 'Revolutionaries of 1848' and 'German-Americans and their
Contributions to American Mainstream Culture'.
Rhineland:
On March 7th 1936 German troops marched into the Rhineland. This was
Hitler’s first illegal act in foreign relations since coming
to power in 1933 and it threw the European allies, especially France
and Britain, into confusion. What should they do about his actions?
These documents reveal the motives and attitudes of the British government
as they discuss their options. This activity involves students studying
extracts from the Minutes of the Cabinet Meeting on March 11th, 1936.
Weimar
History 1918-1930: A
comprehensive website dedicated to the provision of AS/A2 Level notes,
essays, articles and reviews for students, parents and teachers. This
site contains hypertexted links to full annotated notes, exercises
and other website content. Sections include: Background, Incomplete
Revolutions, Constitution and Dilemmas, Consequences of Versailles,
Hyperinflation, The Ruhr Issues, Munich Putsch, The Golden Years (1924-28/9),
Foreign Policy and Women in Weimar Germany.
France
20th
Century France: The encyclopaedia is being created in sections.
So far the following sections are available: Military Leaders: 1900-1920,
France and the First World War, French Armed Forces: 1914-18, French
Politicians: 1920-1945, Military Leaders: 1920-1945, French Politicians:
1945-1970, France and the Second World War, French Armed Forces: 1939-45
and the French Resistance.
The
Napoleonic Guide is the
ultimate online reference source for people wanting to know more about
the life and era of Napoleon Bonaparte. The website contains details
of almost every aspect of the Napoleonic Era from Bonaparte's career,
family and lovers, to his campaigns, battles and conquests. In addition,
The Napoleonic Guide has timelines, maps, quotes, political cartoons,
caricatures, art, the entire Goya's Disasters of War series, uniform
details and images, glossaries, book reviews, lyrics from military
songs and a section on the naval struggle in the French Revolution
and times of Napoleon Bonaparte.
Scotland
Scotland
1700-1960: Biographies of sixty-eight important people born in
Scotland. People featured include George Birkbeck, Henry Brougham,
John Buchan, Thomas Carlyle, Andrew Carnegie, Arthur Conan Doyle,
John Bruce Glasier, Helen Gwynne-Vaughan, Keir Hardie, David Octavius
Hill, Joseph Hume, Jennie Lee, John MacAdam, Mary Macarthur, Ramsay
MacDonald, Margaret McMillan, John Menzies, Thomas Muir, Allan Pinkerton,
Allan Ramsay, John Reith, Marie Stopes, Thomas Telford and James Watt.
In
Search of Scotland: This website was produced as a companion to
a ten part BBC series on the history of Scotland. Sections include:
Mysterious Ancestors, Birth of a Nation, Impact of the Monk, Wars
of Independence, Renaissance & Information, The European Lifeline,
Making of the Union, The Enlightenment, The Victorian Achievement
and Modern Scotland.
Electronic
Scotland: This website attempts to bring together Scots and Scots
descendants from around the world. There are links to thousands of
web pages on Scottish history and clans as well as people and places
of Scots descent. It also includes stories in Real Audio to listen
to, travel information on Scotland and a Web Board community in which
you can message and chat with other visitors.
Highland
Clearances: In the second-half of the 18th century, Scottish society
in the Highlands suffered an economic. Subsistence farming could no
longer sustain an increasing population and this was aggravated by
the policy of many major landowners of clearing their land for sheep
farming by the expulsion of crofters and the burning of their cottages.
This website provides a detailed look at these events.
Wars
of Independence:
Scotland and England are two nations divided by their experience of
history. That divide was never wider than during the Wars of Independence
in the 13th and 14th centuries when a chance event brought an era
of relative friendship to an end in violent conflict. This website
produced by the BBC includes an overview of the conflict plus detailed
biographies of William Wallace and Robert the Bruce.
National
Archives of Scotland: Based in Edinburgh, NAS has one of the most
varied collection of archives in the British isles. It is the main
archive for sources of the history of Scotland as a separate kingdom,
her role in the British isles and the links between Scotland and many
other countries over the centuries. The NAS holds records spanning
the 12th to the 21st centuries, touching on virtually every aspect
of Scottish life. The NAS is the repository for the public and legal
records of Scotland but also holds many local and private archives.
Robert
Owen Museum: Robert Owen, the son of a saddler and ironmonger,
became one of the most successful mill owners of the Industrial Revolution
with a reputation as the producer of fine cotton. However, it was
not as a successful and respected businessman that he left his mark
on history, but as one of the most prominent social reformers of the
period, a pioneer of modern British socialism and a source of inspiration
to the co-operative and trade union movements. The Robert Owen Museum
includes a detailed biography of this remarkable man.
Red
Clydeside: During the period between 1910 and 1932 the city of
Glasgow was witness to an unparalleled wave of working class protest
and political agitation which challenged the forces of capitalism
and also, on occasion, directly challenged the state itself. The events
and people who shaped this period forged an enduring legacy which
still remains part of the political and social fabric of the city
to the present day, and which is known quite simply as Red Clydeside.
This turbulent period of industrial, social and political upheaval
reinforced Glasgow's reputation as the centre of working class struggle
in Britain in the early years of the twentieth century. This website
provides access to digital copies of original source materials from
the Red Clydeside period, as one of the digital collections of the
Glasgow Digital Library.
Ireland
Irish
History on the Web: This website, produced by Jacqueline Dana
of the University of Texas, provides a unique resource for anyone
interested in learning about or researching a wide variety of Irish
history topics. Like a sourcebook, most of the links found here will
lead to primary documents, original essays, bibliographies or specific
informational sites, all of which are visited prior to inclusion on
this site.
Chronicon
is an electronic journal of history. It is published annually and
is freely available on the Internet. The journal publishes articles
relating to history - ancient, medieval and modern - but with a particular
focus on Irish history. It contains reviews of publications and notices
of scholarly developments. The journal will provide a forum for scholars
to exchange views on matters of topical interest. Each volume appears
at the start of the calendar year and will remain open for that year.
As new articles are received they are added to the current volume.
BUBL
Irish History Reference Library:
BUBL Information Service, based at Strathclyde University Library,
is a searchable database of Internet resources of academic relevance.
The websites are organized by Dewey Decimal Classification and can
be searched by subject or class number. The Irish History section
includes topics such as Celtic Art and Culture, Chronology of Ireland,
National Archives and the Great Irish Famine.
The
Irish Famine, 1846-1850: A comprehensive study of how the the
Irish Famine changed the social and cultural structure of Ireland.
Liz Szabo's archive provides a series of interpretations of the famine
that appeared in newspapers, diaries and novels at the time. This
material can be explored in a variety of different ways. The primary
sources are categorized by topics (hunger and disease, eviction, emigration,
homelessness, etc.) and types of sources (newspaper accounts, photographs,
drawings, etc.). The main emphasis of the website is on the different
interpretations of the Irish
Famine. The primary sources are also organized under the headings:
'Voices from Ireland', English Views of the Famine' and 'Irish-American
Commentary.
Conflict
Archive on the Internet: This website contains information and
source material on the conflict in Northern Ireland from 1968 to the
present. It also has information on society and politics in the region.
Material is regularly added to the site and information on particular
pages may change. The information is divided into a number of main
sections: Background to the Conflict, Key Events, Key Issues, Bibliographic
Database, Conflict Studies and Directory of Researchers.
Chronology
of Ireland: This website, created by Brendan O'Brien, presents
information on people and events connected to Ireland. The chronology
contains about 130,000 words and is constantly being augmented. To
view the births, deaths and events of a particular year, you need
to go to the appropriate hyperlink in the bar to the left, then click
on the era/decade in question, and then scroll down to find the year.
Alternatively, you can use the search engine at the bottom of this
page.
Ireland
1845 to 1922: This is the latest section available from Chris
Trueman's History Learning website. It has material on the following
topics: Ireland in the C19th, Ireland and land problems, the Great
Famine, the Fenians, Gladstone and Ireland, Home Rule, Charles Parnell,
Edward Carsons, the Ulster Covenant, John Redmond, the background
to the Easter Rising, the 1916 Easter Rising, James Connolly, Patrick
Pearse, Countess Markiewicz, Michael Collins, Ireland 1918 to 1922
and the Black and Tans.
Wales
Wales
1700-1960: Biographies of people born in Wales. People featured
include Clifford Allen, William Berry, Aneurin Bevan, Clement Davies,
Violet Douglas-Pennant, John Frost, Vernon Hartshorn, David Lloyd
George, Josiah Guest, Leslie Illingworth, Augustus John, Gwen John,
Samuel Jones, Robert Owen, Richard Price, Sarah Siddons, Thora Silverthorne,
Howard Spring, Bert Thomas, David Albert Thomas, Edward Thomas, Jimmy
Thomas, Margaret Haig Thomas and Gerald of Wales.
Welsh
History: NGfL Cymru provides both online teaching and learning
materials and a network of links to selected websites which offer
high quality content and information relevant to teacher and student
needs. The section on Welsh History includes lessons on Tudor Wales,
Civil War in Wales, Chartism in Wales, The Rebecca Riots and Working
Children in the 19th Century.
World
Wide Wales: Officially launched this summer and created and produced
by New Media Magic Ltd, a media company based in Ebbw Vale, is a very
large, unique and innovative project which creates and presents short
programmes about the history, culture, geography and people of Wales.
It is created using Macromedia’s Flash technology for narrowband
distribution, and is presented on the Internet via an easily accessible
website. With over 100 individual programmes already on the site this
will be one of the largest audio-visual sites on the web. The programmes
are divided into a number of different categories, which include towns,
biographies and heritage sites. As well as the programmes themselves,
there are quizzes, collages and jigsaws to involve the viewer during
the initial pre-load of the programme content. Each programme can
be viewed with or without subtitles for the benefit of those who are
hard of hearing or whose computers do not have speakers installed.
Paul
Robeson in Wales: This short movie, produced by Worldwidewales,
features Paul Robeson. His best-known roles were in “Showboat”
and as Shakespeare’s Othello. “Proud Valley” conveyed
his politics in his acting, cementing his relationship with Wales.
During the Depression, he joined a group of miners singing for money,
donated concert proceeds to their Relief Fund and visited the Rhondda
Valley to sing for the mining communities. During
the Second World War he returned to America becoming a prominent voice
for democracy. In 1950 however, suspected of being a Communist, his
passport was removed. However, in 1957 he sang over the phone to the
Miners’ Eisteddfod in Wales.
BUBL
Welsh History Reference Library:
BUBL Information Service, based at Strathclyde University Library,
is a searchable database of Internet resources of academic relevance.
The websites are organized by Dewey Decimal Classification and can
be searched by subject or class number.
Castles
of Wales: This
website is the work of Jeffrey L. Thomas. This attractively designed
website enables the user to find out about 170 different castles.
The creators provide a detailed history of each castle. As well as
text there are numerous illustrations, for example, Beaumaris has
twelve photographs and a drawing of the layout of the castle. To help
the student there is an excellent online glossary of castle terms.
There is also a section on Welsh Abbeys and a whole range of links
with other sites including: 'A History of Wales', 'Royal Families
of Wales' and 'Cultural Traditions'.
David
Lloyd George is probably the greatest international statesman
to come from Wales. His influence was very marked on the life of Wales,
the United Kingdom and Europe. He was a Liberal member of Parliament
for fifty years and served in government as President of the Board
of Trade (1905-08), Chancellor of the Exchequer (1908-15), Arms Minister
(1915-16) and War Minister (1916). In December 1916 at the height
of the First World War he became Prime Minister and held that office
until 1922. This online exhibition was originally prepared in March
1995 to commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of his death and focuses
on both public and private aspects of his life.
Architecture
of Wales: The exhibits of this online exhibition are arranged
into nine themes some of which accord with building function, namely
Domestic Architecture; Public Architecture; Public Utilities; Industrial,
Commercial, and Military Architecture; Religious Architecture; Lost
Houses; Unfulfilled Conceptions; R.E. Bonsall : Examples from an Aberystwyth
Practice; Photographs and Postcards.
South
Wales Coalfield Collection was established in 1969 as an attempt
to preserve the documentary records of the mining community of South
Wales. The South Wales Coalfield Collection (SWCC) gives an insight
into the experience of the South Wales Valleys during a period of
industrial turmoil both from an institutional and personal perspective.
It contains records of trade unions (notably the South Wales Miners'
Federation, later the National Union of Mineworkers (South Wales Area)
and the Iron and Steel Trades Confederation, miners' institutes, cooperative
societies, and individuals connected with the mining community.
Welsh
Political Archive: This website presents social and political
campaigning in Wales during the twentieth century through the use
of digitised images of original documents, photographs and sound and
video files. The campaigns voice the rights of various groups, for
example the right of women to vote, or the right of miners and quarrymen
to fair wages and decent working conditions. The material has been
selected from various collections in the National Library of Wales.
The material can
be accessed directly from the site map, the search facility, or the
time-line. It is also possible to access the material thematically.
The site is divided into six themes - The Ballot Box, Labour Struggles,
War and Peace, The Welsh Language, Devolution and The Water Industry.
Welsh
History: Cymru's Virtual Teachers’ Centre provides high quality,
online digital resources for both teaching and learning. The material
on history are organized under the headings: Wales and Britain in
the Early Modern World (How did the Civil War affect Wales?), Wales
and Early Modern Britain 1500-1760 (Tudor Wales), Wales and Industrial
Britain (Chartism in Wales, Rebecca Riots, Working Children in the
19th century, Living and Working Conditions).
Do you
want to have your website listed in our web directory? If so, send
a brief description (about 150 words) and the URL to spartacus@pavilion.co.uk.
