McCarthyism:
A comprehensive encyclopaedia of McCarthyism. Each
entry contains a narrative, illustrations and primary sources. The
text within each entry is hypertexted to other relevant pages in the
encyclopedia. In this way it is possible to
research individual people and events in great detail. The sources
are also hypertexted so the student is able to find out about the
writer, artist, newspaper, organization, etc., that produced the material.
So far there are sections on: Events,
Issues & Organizations, Communist Spies, The Investigators, The
Informers and Blacklisted.
Cold
War Encyclopedia: As
well as 160 biographies there are 74 articles on subjects
such as the Atomic Bomb, Berlin
Wall, Bay of Pigs, Comintern, Cuban Missile Crisis, Domino Theory,
Federal Republic of Germany, German Democratic Republic, Hallstein
Doctrine, Hungarian Uprising, Korean War, Marshall Aid, McCarthyism,
North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Nuclear Arms Race, Ostpolitik,
Perestroika, Prague Spring, Solidarnosc, Schuman Plan, Truman Doctrine,
U-2 Crisis, Vietnam War and the Warsaw Pact.
Cuban
Missile Crisis: In October 1962 the world was on the verge of
a nuclear war. President Kennedy of the United States had issued a
war-alert command. Polaris submarines armed with nuclear weapons took
up positions close to the Soviet Union. B-52 bombers also with nuclear
weapons were ordered into the air. A further 105 short-range missiles
in Europe and 156 intercontinental missiles in the United States were
prepared for firing at the Soviet Union. What had brought the world
to the brink of destruction? These activities cover the history of
Cuba, Fidel Castro, Bay of Pigs, Nikita Khrushchev and John F. Kennedy
and ends up with a simulation on the Cuban Missile Crisis.
Berlin
Blockade: After the defeat of Germany in 1945 the country was
divided into four zones. Each zone was controlled by a different country
- Britain, USA, France, USSR. Germany's capital Berlin was also divided
into four zones. However, Berlin was deep inside Soviet territory.
As a result, West Berlin became a very clear example of the contrasting
attitudes of Stalin towards Germany and the attitudes of the other
three powers. Stalin decided that the Western powers would have to
be driven from West Berlin. In the Summer of 1948 he blocked all road,
rail and water links to West Berlin from the Western zones. This Public
Record Office activity looks at one of the most important events of
the Cold War.
Profiles:
Cold War Warriors: This CNN website provides a collection of biographies
of important figures in the Cold War. This includes Konrad
Adenauer, Salvador Allende, Yuri
Andropov, Clement
Attlee, Ernest
Bevin, Willy Brandt, Leonid
Brezhnev, George Bush, Jimmy
Carter, James
F. Byrnes, Fidel
Castro, Winston
Churchill, Alexander
Dubcek, Allen
Dulles, John
Foster Dulles, Dwight
Eisenhower, Mikhail
Gorbachev, Vaclav
Havel, Andrei
Gromyko, Erich
Honecker, Ho
Chi Minh, Lyndon
B. Johnson, George
Kennan, Nikita
Khrushchev, John
F. Kennedy, Henry
Kissinger, Jan
Masaryk, Vyacheslav
Molotov,
Richard
Nixon, Joseph
Stalin, Ronald
Reagan and Harry
S. Truman.
Questia:
McCarthyism: Questia is an online library that provides access
to the world's largest online collection of books and journal articles
in the humanities and social sciences. You can read every title cover
to cover. The content - selected by professional collection development
librarians - is not available elsewhere on the Internet. To complement
the library, Questia offers a range of search, note-taking, and writing
tools. These tools help students locate the most relevant information
on their topics quickly, quote and cite correctly, and create properly
formatted footnotes and bibliographies automatically. The section
on McCarthyism includes McCarthyism: The Great American Red Scare
McCarthyism, the Fight for America, The Intellectuals and McCarthy,
The Politics of Fear: Joseph R. McCarthy and the Senate, Nightmare
in Red: The McCarthy Era in Perspective, The Great Red Menace and
Cold War Fugitive: A Personal Story of the McCarthy Years.
The
Korean War: This impressive website has been produced by the US
Department of Defense to commemorate the 1.8 million veterans who
served in the Korean War. There are sections entitled History of the
Korean War, Medal of Honor Recipients, Images, Just for Teachers and
Frequently Asked Questions. The site also includes interviews with
14 soldiers who took part in the war.
Assassination
of John F. Kennedy: John McAdams' website provides a comprehensive
overview of the issues, with pages on Dealey Plaza, the Single Bullet
Theory, Lee Harvey Oswald, Jack Ruby, the movie "JFK," Jim
Garrison's New Orleans investigation, and theories linking the assassination
to the CIA and the Vietnam War. A key purpose of the site is to debunk
the conspiracy theories and conspiracy factoids that have dominated
public perceptions of the assassination. Thus it is especially useful
to people who have read mostly conspiracy books, or seen one or more
conspiracy videos, or seen the movie "JFK" and want to know
the "rest of the story." There are numerous primary sources,
including Oswald's own political writings, witness testimony, FBI
reports, video and audio clips, and numerous photos.
Collective
Memories of the Cuban Missile Crisis.
The Cuban Missile Crisis was one of the most important conflicts of
the cold war period. This was the first time that the two superpowers
had come so close to starting a nuclear war. This website run by Brown
University is a collection of individual accounts of the crisis. It
is also possible to add your own story to the collection.
Mikhail
Gorbachev Internet Archive: In 1990 Mikhail Gorbachev won the
Nobel Peace Prize. In recognition of this achievement the Norwegian
Nobel Institute has created the Gorbachev Internet Archive. The website
includes links to a variety of biographies of Gorbachev. It also features
speeches, articles, photographs and even a joke about Gorbachev submitted
by Boris Yeltsin.
Cold
War: To complement CNN's Cold War documentary series, CNN Interactive,
has created this outstanding website on the subject. Created by a
team of more than a dozen editors, writers and producers, the Cold
War website includes interactive maps, rare archival footage online,
biographies of key figures and recently declassified documents. An
added attraction is the facility for visitors to tour Cold War capitals
through 3-D images.
John
F. Kennedy: The main objective of the John F. Kennedy Library
and Museum is to advance the study and understanding of President
Kennedy's life and career and the times in which he lived; and to
promote a greater appreciation of America's political and cultural
heritage, the process of governing and the importance of public service.
The library's website includes a detailed biography and a collection
of speeches and photographs.
The
Cold War: The Cold War International History Project disseminates
new information and perspectives on the history of the Cold War. The
project supports the full and prompt release of historical materials
by governments on all sides of the Cold War, and seeks to accelerate
the process of integrating new sources, materials and perspectives
from the former "Communist bloc" with the historiography
of the Cold War which has been written over the past few decades largely
by Western scholars reliant on Western archival sources. It also seeks
to transcend barriers of language, geography, and regional specialization
to create new links among scholars interested in Cold War history.
Among the activities
undertaken by the project to promote this aim are a periodic Bulletin
and other publications to disseminate new findings, views, and activities
pertaining to Cold War history.
The
Cold War: There
are 6 galleries in the Public Record Office Cold War Exhibition, each
containing a number of case studies. Each Case Study is designed so
that it can be used as a 'stand alone' item in one or two classroom
sessions. However, each Case Study in a Gallery is linked to form
a more coherent area of research. This has been done to give students
and teachers the maximum amount of flexibility. Each Gallery is accompanied
by a timeline and a glossary to help students and teachers in putting
the source material into context. Each source is accompanied, where
appropriate, by useful notes and a transcript. At various points throughout
the Exhibition, there are links to other websites where extra information
or other resources can be found.
Harry
S. Truman: The Presidential Years: At the Truman Presidential
Museum & Library there is a 10,500-square-foot exhibition of the
major issues and events of Harry S. Truman's presidency. There is
now a website version of this exhibition and it includes sections
on: First Four Months, Decision to Drop the Bomb, Postwar Challenges,
Europe 1947, Origins of the Cold War, Recognition of Israel, Second
Term, Cold War Turns Hot, America 1952, Leaving Office, Legacy Gallery
and A Living Legacy.
Joseph
Stalin Biographical Chronicle:
Lenin wrote
in December 1922 that "Comrade Stalin, having become General
Secretary, has concentrated enormous power in his hands: and I am
not sure that he always knows how to use that power with sufficient
caution. I therefore propose to our comrades to consider a means of
removing Stalin from this post and appointing someone else who differs
from Stalin in one weighty respect: being more tolerant, more loyal,
more polite, more considerate of his comrades." This advice was
not taken and Stalin became one of the most detested dictators in
history. This
website provides a detailed biography of Joseph Stalin. It also includes
numerous photographs and a collection of his speeches.
East
German Propaganda: Propaganda was central to Nazi Germany and
the German Democratic Republic. The German Propaganda Archive includes
both propaganda itself and material produced for the guidance of propagandists.
The goal is to help people understand the two great totalitarian systems
of the 20th Century by giving them access to the primary material.
Heroes
and Villains: Learning Curve exhibitions provide in-depth information,
organized into galleries. Each gallery is an investigation into a
theme using primary material, linked to an overall question. Interactive
tasks and teacher's notes are included. This Learning Curve exhibition,
Heroes and Villains, looks at five case-studies: Winston Churchill
and Dresden, J. F. Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis, Mussolini
and Abyssinia, Stalin and the Industrialization of the USSR and Harry
Truman and the Atomic Bomb.
Douglas
MacArthur: No soldier in modern history has been more admired
- or more reviled than Douglas MacArthur. The liberator of the Philippines,
shogun of Occupied Japan, brilliant victor of the Battle of Inchon,
was an admired national hero when he was suddenly relieved of his
command. This PBS website concentrates on MacArthur in the Philippines
during the Second World War and his conflict with Harry S. Truman
in 1951.
Alger
Hiss Story: This website is an authoritative portal for access
to primary information about Alger Hiss, the Hiss case and the early
Cold War years - including new scholarship, newly released official
documents from various governments and government agencies, and the
archival material, such as trial testimony, court and government records
and commentary, collected in many libraries and online repositories.
East
German Propaganda: Propaganda was central to Nazi Germany and
the postwar German Democratic Republic. The German Propaganda Archive
website maintained by Randall Bytwerk, includes both propaganda itself
and material produced for the guidance of propagandists. The goal
is to help people understand the two great totalitarian systems of
the 20th Century by giving them access to the primary material. The
website includes speeches, posters, cartoons and photographs.
Berlin
Wall Online: On 13th August 1961 the East German security forces
suddenly sealed off sixty-eight of the eighty crossing points in Berlin,
erecting overnight a barrier of barbed wire and, in places, of concrete
across the city and restricting all interzonal movements. Western
governments protested at the erection of this Berlin Wall and American
concern was emphasized by a visit made by President Kennedy to the
city in June 1963. This website provides a detailed history of the
Berlin Wall.
Berlin
Wall: In
the fifteen years following the Second World War over 3 million people
emigrated from the German
Democratic Republic (East Germany) to
Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany). In August 1961, Erich
Honecker ordered the blocking off East Berlin from West Berlin by
means of barbed wire and anti-tank obstacles in an attempt to stem
the flow of refugees. Streets were torn up, and barricades of paving
stones were erected. People living in East Berlin and the German
Democratic Republic were
no longer allowed to enter West Berlin. This included 60,000 people
who had working in the city. This article on the Berlin Wall by Burkhard
Kirste is available in English and German.
North
Atlantic Treaty Organization: On 1949 April - Twelve states -
Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Britain, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg,
the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal and the United States - sign the
North Atlantic Treaty in Washington DC. This BBC website provides
a chronology of key events in the history of Nato.
Cold
War Policies 1945-1991: A collection of illustrated articles and
outline notes on the Cold War. Subjects covered so far include Yalta:
The Cold War Begins, Containment 1947-49, The Crisis of Harry Truman,
Cold War Spies, NATO, Coercion 1950-1968, Détente 1968-1980,
Konrad Adenauer, Willy Brandt and Ostpolitik, The Arms Race Renewed,
Glasnost, Mikhail Gorbachev, Arms Control Treaties and The Triumph
of Solidarity.
China:
50 Years of Communism: To mark 50 years of communist rule in China,
BBC News Online's special coverage looks back at the birth of the
People's Republic and takes stock of what the future might hold for
its people. Articles include Mao's Legacy, Images of the Cultural
Revolution, China's Foreign Fears and the People's Republic at 50.
The website also includes a very good China's Communist Revolution
Glossary.
Cold
War Project: The Cold War began in 1945 and ended with the dissolution
of the Soviet Union. This website provides an indepth look at this
conflict and includes sections on East European Intelligence Documents,
Soviet Disinformation, Berlin Wall, Uprising in East Berlin, Hungarian
Revolution, Czechoslovakia 1968, Poland 1956, Afghanistan 1979, Defectors,
Agents and Double Agents, Soviet Gulags and Western Broadcasting in
the Cold War.
Hungarian
Uprising: In 1956 Hungary's new leader Imre Nagy removed state
control of the mass media and encouraged public discussion on political
and economic reform. Nagy also released anti-communists from prison
and talked about holding free elections and withdrawing Hungary from
the Warsaw Pact. Nikita Khrushchev, the leader of the Soviet Union,
became increasingly concerned about these developments and on 4th
November 1956 he sent the Red Army into Hungary. During the Hungarian
Uprising an estimated 20,000 people were killed.
Czechoslovakia
1968: It has been 30 years since Soviet troops marched and tanks
rolled down Wenceslas Square in Czechoslovakia's capital to crush
a reform movement known as Prague Spring. Alexander Dubcek's attempts
to create "socialism with a human face" are often seen as
historical and ideological forerunners to Mikhail Gorbachev's reform
policies of glasnost and perestroika in the 1980s in the USSR. The
events of 1968 shattered many illusions about Socialism and the Soviet
system - both in Czechoslovakia and in the West. This website, produced
by Radio Free Europe, provides a comprehensive account of these events.
1953
German Uprising: A German historian has accused the British of
"betraying" an anti-communist uprising in the early years
of the German Democratic Republic which was eventually put down by
Soviet tanks. Mr Knabe, author of 17th June 1953: A German Uprising,
said: "The demonstrators were bitterly disappointed, after the
west's rhetoric about the liberation of Europe, and the encouragement
of resistance, that when they went out on the streets, they received
no support." In the book Hubertus Knabe claims that the western
powers, in particular Britain led by Winston Churchill, declined to
intervene because they feared a reunited Germany.
The
Cold War: This website provides transcripts of interviews that
took place in 1999 with important figures involved in events that
made up the Cold War. This includes, James Baker, George Bush, Miklos
Nemeth, Jeane Kirkpatrick, Richard Perle, Stansfield Turner, Caspar
Weinberger, Yevgeni Yevtushenko, E. Howard Hunt , Paul H. Nitze, Robert
McNamara, Condoleezza Rice, John Ehrlichman, Gerald Ford, Henry Kissinger,
Melvin Laird, John Negroponte, Jimmy Carter, John F. Sigler, Eugene
McCarthy, Bui Diem, Clark Clifford, Roger Hilsman, Theodore Sorensen,
McGeorge Bundy, George Kennan, Oleg Troyanovski, Raymond Garthoff,
Stefan Heym and Margit Hosseni.
Prague
Spring: In
1965, Antonin Novotny, the president of Czechoslovakia,
introduced a programme of decentralization. The main feature of the
new system was that individual companies would have more freedom to
decide on prices and wages. These reforms were slow to make an impact
on the Czech economy and in September 1967, Alexander Dubcek, secretary
of the Slovak Communist Party, presented a long list of grievances
against the government. The following month there were large demonstrations
against Novotny. In
January 1968 the Czechoslovak Party Central Committee passed a vote
of no confidence in Novotny and he was replaced by Dubcek as party
secretary. Soon afterwards Dubcek made a speech where he stated: "We
shall have to remove everything that strangles artistic and scientific
creativeness." This website provides a detailed account of what
became known as the Prague Spring.
Cold
War Oral History Project: The History Department of the European
Virtual School has just launched a Cold War Oral Project. The plan
is to start threads where people can provide first-hand accounts on
important Cold War events. This will include people’s accounts
of the Cuban Missile Crisis, the Vietnam War, the building and pulling
down of the Berlin Wall, the reunification of Germany, Communism in
the Soviet Union, the decline of communism in Eastern Europe, etc.
It is hoped that people will post their recollections from all over
the world. This is something that students could get involved in by
interviewing parents or grandparents about these events. If you want
to become involved in this project register
with the International Education Forum and join the debate.
Ronald
Reagan and the Cold War: Several political commentators have claimed
that Ronald Reagan was the man responsible for “winning”
the Cold War. In 1987 Mikhail Gorbachev met with Reagan and signed
the Immediate Nuclear Forces (INF) abolition treaty. Gorbachev also
made it clear he would no longer interfere in the domestic policies
of other countries in Eastern Europe and in 1989 announced the withdrawal
of Soviet forces from Afghanistan. Aware that Gorbachev would not
send in Soviet tanks there were demonstrations against communist governments
throughout Eastern Europe. Over the next few months the communists
were ousted from power in Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, and
East Germany. All these events took place while Reagan was president
and has therefore got the credit for the fall of communism. However,
should the credit really go to Gorbachev. If you have views on this
subject register
with the International Education Forum and join the debate.
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