Tudor Encyclopedia: A collection of articles on the Tudor period. As well as 42 biographies there are articles on the Battle of Bosworth, Act of Union, Agriculture and Enclosures, Anglicans and Puritans, The Babington Plot, Catholics and Protestants, Elizabethan Theatre, Elizabeth and Marriage, Henry VIII and the Pope, Kett Rebellion, Poverty in Tudor England, The Protestant Reformation, Pilgrimage of Grace, The Ridolfi Plot, The Spanish Armada, Sports and Pastimes, The Throckmorton Plot, Tobacco in Tudor England, Tudor Artists, Tudor Heretics, Tudor Monasteries, Tudor Parliaments, Tudor Wales and the Tyndale Bible.

Spanish Armada: After the Spanish Armada rounded Scotland it headed south for home. However, a strong gale drove many of the ships onto the Irish rocks. Thousands of Spaniards drowned and even those who reached land were often killed by English soldiers and settlers. Of the 25,000 men that had set out in the Armada, less than 10,000 arrived home safely. This website provides an insight into how this military disaster is taught in Spanish schools. It also includes a series of classroom activities that raises issues about how nationalism influences the writing of school textbooks.

Spain under Philip II: This is a detailed site on Spain during the reign of Philip II. It is aimed at Advanced level candidates. Topics covered include what Philip inherited from Charles V; how Philip governed Spain; his relationship with the Catholic Church; the Revolt of the Moriscos; the Revolt of Aragon; 1588 to 1598 - a decade of chaos; the economic problems faced by Spain and the inheritance of Philip III.

Martin Luther: This is a detailed site on Luther's background and his impact on Europe. Topics covered are Luther's background; the background to the 95 Theses; a modern interpretation of the 95 Theses; Luther's development of his ideas after 1517; the social and political consequences of Luther and his impact on Europe. The work is targeted towards Advanced level students.

The Tudors: The five sovereigns of the Tudor dynasty are among the most well-known figures in Royal history. Of Welsh origin, Henry VII succeeded in ending the Wars of the Roses between the houses of Lancaster and York to found the highly successful Tudor house. The Tudor period saw the turbulence of two changes of official religion, resulting in the martyrdom of many innocent believers of both Protestantism and Roman Catholicism. This official website of the British Monarchy provides biographies of Henry VII, his son Henry VIII and his three children Edward VI, Mary I and Elizabeth I.

Tudor Houses: Selly Manor and Minworth Graves are two of Birmingham's oldest buildings. These two beautiful timber-framed manor houses were actually moved and rebuilt in the village of Bournville by the Cadbury family. The Bournville Village Trust has recently created a website where you can take a virtual tour of these two houses. There is also a useful section on everyday life in Tudor Times (Houses & Furniture, Work & School, Food & Cooking, Clothing & Health, Games & Entertainment, Crime & Punishment).

Spanish Armada: In 1588 King Philip II of Spain sent a fleet of ships to collect his army from the Netherlands where they were fighting and take them to invade England. This was done in the name of religion because England had become Protestant and no longer accepted the Pope as the Head of the Church; Spain was Catholic and the Pope had encouraged Philip to try to make England become Catholic again. He also had a political reason to go to war with England because Spain ruled the Netherlands but the people there were rebelling against Spanish control and England had been helping them. The English were worried about the threat of invasion and they attacked the Spanish ships as they sailed along the Channel but the Armada was so strong that most of the ships reached Calais safely. While the Armada tried to get in touch with the Spanish army, the English ships attacked fiercely. However, an important reason why the English were able to defeat the Armada was that the wind blew the Spanish ships northwards. To many English people this proved that God wanted them to win and there were pictures and medals made to celebrate this fact. This Public Record Office website uses primary sources to answer the question: "Did God really help the English defeat the Spanish Armada?"

Virtual Tour of the Mary Rose: This BBC website enables you to explore the Tudor flagship, the Mary Rose, which was the flagship of Henry VIII until it sank in 1545. The Mary Rose was built between 1509-11 and named after the King's favourite sister, Mary Tudor. The Mary Rose was raised in 1982 and is now undergoing restoration in Portsmouth. You'll need a free VRML plug-in such as Cortona to view this website.

Mary, Queen of Scots: On the night of February 9th 1567, a trail of gunpowder was lit in the cellar of a house in the backstreets of Edinburgh. The explosion reduced the house to rubble and Lord Darnley, the husband of Mary, Queen of Scots, was murdered. Ever since, historians have debated whether Mary was involved and only recently has incriminating new evidence come to light. At the heart of the mystery lies treacherous politics of the Scottish Court and love letters written by Mary to her secret paramour, James Hepburn, the Earl of Bothwell. This website by Dr. Saul David explores the relationship between Mary, Queen of Scots and the Earl of Bothwell.

Marie Stuart Society: Formed in 1992 to mark the 450th anniversary of the birth of Mary, the Queen of Scots, the main objective of the Marie Stuart Society is to promote the further study of her life and times. A journal is produced three times a year and is circulated to all members. It contains interesting and sometimes little-known information about Mary, her courtiers, her people and her times. The website includes a great deal of information on Mary organised under headings such as Timeline, Family Trees, the Parents, the Husbands, Childhood & France, Captivity & Plots, Mary & Elizabeth, Mary's Letters and Places to Visit.

Life in Elizabethan England: An illustrated guide to Elizabethan England. Includes sections on Games, Money, Religion, Language, Weddings & Betrothals, Marriage & Family, Catholics, Church of England, Masters & Servants, Patronage, Domestic Details, Food, Ranks & Files, Senior Peers of England, Noble Style, City of London, Puritans, Household Management, Science & Health, Ireland, Scotland, Mary Queen of Scots, Shopping in London, Heirs & Inheritance, Staffing a Great Household, Proverbs & Wise Sayings, Letter Writing, Wedding Customs and Keeping Christmas.

John Calvin: This is a comprehensive account of the life and impact of Calvin. It is aimed at Advanced level students. Topics covered are Calvin's early life; the development of his ideas and his move to Geneva; his clash with the authorities in Geneva and eventual success there and the spread of Calvinism.

The Reformation: Are you a Protestant or a Catholic? In this interactive decision making game by RJ Tarr, players are presented with a number of tricky questions about their spiritual beliefs and the computer then gives them an overall profile. This is an excellent way of teaching students about a very tricky topic, complete with lesson notes and a worksheet.

The Counter-Reformation: This is a detailed site covering all aspects of the Counter-Reformation and is designed for Advanced level students. The topics covered are: the Catholic Reformation; the Jesuits; the success of the Jesuits; the Council of Trent; aids to the Counter-Reformation; important Counter-Reformation popes; important individuals to the Counter-Reformation; Was the Counter-Reformation a success?

The Revolt of the Netherlands: This is a comprehensive account of this revolt aimed for Advanced level students. The work includes the causes of the revolt (both short and long term); what actually happened during the duration of the revolt; the implications for Spain; the tactics - politically and otherwise - Spain used in attempting to defeat this revolt; the part played by William of Orange and the eventual defeat of Spain.

The Thirty Years War: This is a detailed study of this series of wars and is aimed towards Advanced level students. The topics covered include a detailed assessment of the causes of the war in various parts of Europe; the course of the war in northern Europe and central Europe; the role played by Gustavus Adolphus; the Edict of Restitution; the Peace of Prague; France and the Thirty Years War and the Peace of Westphalia.

Encylopedia of the English Civil War: A comprehensive encyclopedia of the conflict between the monarchy and parliament. Most entries contain a narrative, illustrations and primary sources. The text within each entry is hypertexted to other relevant pages in the encyclopedia. In this way it is possible to research individual people and events in great detail. The sources are also hypertexted so the student is able to find out about the writer, artist, newspaper, organization, etc., that produced the material. There are sections on Military Leaders (36), Political and Religious Figures (40), Writers and the Civil War (14), Artists and the Civil War (6), Events, Issues and Organizations (18), Battles (6) and Religious Groups (10).

English Civil War: The site includes a collection of timelines: Parliament and Constitution 1640-60, The First Civil War 1640-46, The Second Civil War 1647-49, The Third Civil War 1649-51, The Commonwealth 1649-53, Cromwell's Protectorate 1654-58 and The Restoration 1659-60. There is also twenty-four biographies of leading figures in the conflict and descriptions of sixty-two battles and sieges.

Oliver Cromwell Internet Portal: Since his death in 1658, Oliver Cromwell's life, ambitions, motives and actions have been the subject of scholarly investigation and debate. The Oliver Cromwell Internet Portal is maintained by the Cromwell Association and the Cromwell Museum in Huntington. The material is organized under the following headings: Oliver Cromwell's Life, Antecedents, Politician, Soldier, Religion, Quotes About, Quotes By, English Civil War, In the News and Bibliography.

Gerrard Winstanley: In January, 1649, Gerrard Winstanley published the The New Law of Righteousness. In the pamphlet he wrote: "In the beginning of time God made the earth. Not one word was spoken at the beginning that one branch of mankind should rule over another, but selfish imaginations did set up one man to teach and rule over another." Two months later Winstanley and about thirty followers took over some common land on St George's Hill in Surrey. Digger groups also took over land in Kent (Cox Hill), Surrey (Cobham), Buckinghamshire (Iver) and Northamptonshire (Wellingborough). Local landowners were very disturbed by these developments. Instructions were given for the Diggers to be beaten up and for their houses, crops and tools to be destroyed. These tactics were successful and within a year all the Digger communities in England had been wiped out. This website provides a good overview of the political and religious ideas of Gerrard Winstanley.

The Levellers: During the Civil War some radicals such as John Lilburne began writing and distributing pamphlets on soldiers' rights. He pointed out that even though soldiers were fighting for Parliament, very few of them were allowed to vote for it. Lilburne argued that all adult males should have the vote and that these elections should take place every year. Lilburne was imprisoned for publishing his pamphlets but soon after he was released he joined with John Wildman, Richard Overton and William Walwyn, to form a new political party called the Levellers. Their political programme included: voting rights for all adult males, annual elections, complete religious freedom, an end to the censorship of books and newspapers, the abolition of the monarchy and the House of Lords, trial by jury, an end to taxation of people earning less than £30 a year and a maximum interest rate of 6%. This website provides an overview of the subject and extracts from the pamphlets published by the Levellers.

Regicides: In August 1660, following the Restoration of King Charles II, the Act of Indemnity and Oblivion was passed as a gesture of reconciliation to reunite the kingdom. A free pardon was granted to everyone who had supported the Commonwealth and Protectorate, except for those who had directly participated in the trial and execution of King Charles I eleven years previously. A special court was appointed in October 1660 and the surviving Regicides were brought to trial. Ten were condemned to death and publicly hung, drawn and quartered at Charing Cross or Tyburn, London, in October 1660: Thomas Harrison, John Jones, Adrian Scroope, John Carew, Thomas Scot, and Gregory Clement, who had signed the King's death warrant; the preacher Hugh Peters; Francis Hacker and Daniel Axtel, who commanded the guards at the King's trial and execution; and John Cook, the solicitor who directed the prosecution.

Glorious Revolution: The term Glorious Revolution refers to the bloodless English revolution that took place between the removal of James II and his replacement by William and Mary. In this unit of work pupils learn about the causes of the Glorious Revolution and the diverse reactions to it from within Ireland and Scotland. Pupils have the opportunity to assess the impact of the Act of Union 1707 in Scotland and to examine the reasons for the final defeat of the House of Stuart in 1745.

Tudor Hackney: This website enables you to explore the world of 1601 through a virtual reality reconstruction of the Rectory House, which once stood on the west side of Hackney's Mare Street. Much of the information on the Rectory comes from an inventory of the house taken when the owners, John and Jane Daniell, fell foul of the law, and their house and goods were seized by the Crown. Their story is told here in the form of a video drama. Other parts of the site will tell you what Hackney was like in this period, when it comprised three parishes - Hackney itself, Stoke Newington and Shoreditch, on the edge of the City of London, home to two theatres and an up and coming playwright, William Shakespeare.

Jousting developed to allow knights to practice fighting with lances and shields. Knights used their heraldry to identify them in jousts and a system of rules and regulations was developed under officers called the marshal and constable. Jousts were carefully organised events overseen by heralds. Teams of challengers and defenders dressed in spectacular armour and fought agreed numbers of courses on horseback with lances and sometimes swords or axes. The object was to break the lance of the opposing knight rather than deliberately injuring him, and points were scored for this display of skill and grace. In this simulation students get the chance to take part in a joust.

Tudor Biographies: A large collection of Tudor biographies including Kate Ashley, Thomas Audley, Anthony Babington, Anthony Bacon, Francis Bacon, Charles Blount, George Boleyn, Mary Boleyn, Thomas Boleyn, Eleanor Brandon, Frances Brandon, Arthur Brooke, Anthony Browne, Thomas Butler, Edmund Campion, George Carew, Robert Carey, Adriano Castelli, Robert Catesby, Robert Cecil, William Cecil, Anne Clifford, Henry Compton, Thomas Cranmer, Thomas Cromwell, Robert Devereux, Everard Digby, Francis Drake, John Dudley, Robert Dudley, William Fiennes, John Gerard, Hugh O´Neill, Mathew Parker, Thomas Sackville, Edward Seymour and Mary Sidney.

Oliver Cromwell Online Exhibition: Oliver Cromwell died at Whitehall on 3rd September 1658. He was 59 years old. As the head of state, Cromwell was honoured with an elaborate and regal funeral. However, he was not left to rest in peace. The desecration of Cromwell's corpse three years later, and the separation of the head from the body, has led to its curious history. Nearly 350 years after his death Cromwell and his remains continue to fascinate - this exhibition aims to explain what did happen to Cromwell's head.

Gunpowder Plot Game: Guy Fawkes was among a gang of Roman Catholic conspirators who wanted to blow up the House of Lords and assassinate King James VI of Scotland and I of England. As part of their plan, they stored gunpowder kegs in the cellars of the House of Lords. These were going to be ignited when the King and the rest of the political elite were assembled in the chamber above them. In this attractive looking game pupils have to answer a series of questions on the plot before the gunpowder explodes.

Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes, born in 1570, died 1606, was caught red-handed in the Palace of Westminster itself on 4th November 1605. Everyone knows who Guy Fawkes was and what he tried to do. But why did Guy Fawkes and his fellow conspirators feel driven to do such a thing? This website created by Jeremy Boot provides a detailed account of the Gunpowder Plot. It includes substantial background information on the reasons why Guy Fawkes and his collaborators attempted to destroy the Palace of Westminster.

Gunpowder Plot Society: On November 5, 1605, a solitary figure was arrested in the cellars of Parliament House. Although he first gave his name as John Johnson, a startling series of events gradually unfolded under torture. Guy Fawkes, as he was really called, was one of thirteen who had conspired to blow up the parliament, the King, and his Lords, thereby throwing the country into turmoil, out of which these traitors hoped to raise a new monarch, sympathetic to their cause, and return England to its Catholic past. The circumstances surrounding what drove these thirteen disaffected Catholics, led by the charismatic Robert Catesby, to such a desperate act are the focus of the Gunpowder Plot Society. This website covers everything from the history of the period, the various facts and theories, profiles on the conspirators and other key characters, comprehensive genealogical database, sites of historical importance, and an extensive downloadable archive of source material, manuscript and document translations, correspondence, and legal transcriptions (including confessions).

The Gunpowder Plot: An attractive website produced by the Centre for Fawkesian Pursuits. The story of the plot is told in six parts. Each section is accompanied by music of the period. The main strength of this site is the way it provides background information on a whole range of topics linked to the central topic. This includes food, clothes, music, culture and language. The website also explores relevant concepts such as political violence and includes a section on Terrorism in History'.

 

 

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