General

Greatest Military Leaders: This website provides biographies of the most influential military leaders of all time. This includes biographies of George Washington, Napoleon, Alexander the Great, Genghis Khan, Julius Ceasar, Gustavus Adolphus, Francisco Pizarro, Hernando Cortés, Cyrus the Great, Simon Bolivar, William the Conqueror, Frederick the Great, Attila the Hun, George Marshall, Dwight Eisenhower, Oliver Cromwell, Sun Tzu, Hannibal, Eugene of Savoy, Horatio Nelson, Vo Nguyen Giap, Scipio Africanus, John Pershing and the Duke of Wellington.

Military History Encyclopedia on the Web: John Rickard's website currently concentrates on the middle ages, the First World War, the Seven Years War and the Thirty Years War. However, in recent months it has produced material on the Napoleonic Wars, the Crimean War and the Second World War. At the moment the website has 631 articles, 49 pictures, 80 maps and over 310,000 words on military history.

British Battles: In this section of the Britain Express History Guide there are accounts of some of the most influential battles fought on British soil. Each battle profile contains "at a glance" facts about the battle, including: who was involved and why, with an account of the battle, and the results of the conflict. Battles featured include Bannockburn (1314), Barnet (1471), Bosworth (1485), Culloden (1746), Edgehill (1642), Edington (878), Evesham (1265), Falkirk (1298), Flodden (1513), Hastings (1066), Lewes (1264), Marston Moor (1644), Naseby (1645), Prestonpans (1745), Sedgemoor (1685), St Albans (1461), Stamford Bridge (1066), Stirling (1298), Tewkesbury (1471) and Towton (1461).

Military Blunders: Everyone makes mistakes, but having ranks of soldiers and heavy weaponry at one's disposal can certainly make an error more dramatic. This website, produced by the History Channel, presents five famous military blunders to investigate. It poses questions such as: What went wrong? Who was to blame? What should have been done differently?

World Conflicts Documents Project: This website was originally created by Lucas Turks in January 1998. It provides original articles on military matters, great statesmen and war heroes. There is also a collection of photos, maps and documents about world conflicts over the last 200 years. The material is available in both English and Italian.

US Air Force Museum: The US Air Force Museum based in Dayton, Ohio, has produced an excellent resource for anyone interested in the history of flight. The website has been organised in a similar way to the museum. Eight galleries display samples of aircraft from flight's earliest days to the latest jet fighters. Each exhibit displayed includes a photograph, a history of its development and technical details. There are also other galleries on topics such as 'Engines', 'Weapons' and 'Equipment'. Video clips are available in some of the galleries.

Victoria Cross Website: Created by Mike Chapman, the Victoria Cross website is dedicated to the 1354 people who have been awarded this medal since 1856. There are sections on all the military campaigns since the Crimean War. The section on the First World War is particularly impressive and visitors can access information about the 624 men who won the Victoria Cross between 1914-18. This includes details of the deed and location of the medal. Entries are also listed by regiment, rank, campaign and nationality.

Paths of Glory: This is a new joint European project between a war museums in Britain, France, Belguim, Germany, Spain and Italy. So far it contains sections on the First World War, Spanish Civil War and the Second World War. The website is available in six different languages.

History of the British Army: This National Army Museum website provides a brief introduction to the history of the British Army. It includes sections on the Regimental System, Early Years, War with France, Stagnation and Reform, First World War, the Second World War and An Army for Today. The website also has summaries of a number of battles and campaigns in which the British Army has been engaged during its long history. Forthcoming topics will include Burma and Dunkirk.

Naval History: A large collection of articles on Naval History. Subjects covered include Franco-Prussian war, Baltic and the Russian Revolution, British-Bolshevik Navy Actions (1918-19), Dardanelles & Gallipoli, North Russian Expeditionary Force, Great War at Sea, Dreadnoughts, Royal Navy and World War 2, Service Magazines in the Second World War, Thames Barges and D-Day, Aircraft Carrier Warfare, Amphibious Operations and British Submarines at War.

A Place for Heroes: This is a web site dedicated to Second World War and Korean War heroes. Unknown stories are revealed and places rediscovered as well as personal stories of combat and of the home front. Read about a young P-40 crew chief in Darwin sweating out a Japanese invasion with no arms or food. How about playing dead in a crater as a Japanese tank hovers at the edge looking for signs of life? Even the first hand personal story of a pretty young Southern debutante who left a life of privilege, cotillions, and ease to do her bit in the war effort.

We Were There: The contribution made by Gurkhas to the fighting strength of the British Army, and the involvement of troops from Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa during the two World Wars has been fully documented. However less in known about the contribution made by military and civilian personnel from other parts of the British Empire and Commonwealth; particularly those from Africa, the Indian sub-continent, the rest of Asia (including Hong Kong) and the West Indies. The men and women from these countries served in theatres of war throughout the world, many in the front-line, working as infantrymen, pilots and seamen. This photographic exhibition celebrates the vital yet little known contribution made by these people.

Flight-History is dedicated to developing an extensive online archive of aviation history. The archives currently focus on the pre-jet era. In time Flight-History will extend the archive to the jet era and space. Recent stories that have been added to the archive include The Gipsy Engine; The Birth of a National Air Force; Bishop vs The Red Baron; The Victoria Cross Flight, The Flying Tigers in China; Miles Aircraft Company; History of the WACO Aircraft Company; The USS Macon; The Men on the Flying Trapeze and Crash.

Paths of Memory (War in Europe 1914-45): This website covers locations in six European countries (UK, France, Germany, Spain, Italy and Belgium) relating to the two World Wars and the Spanish Civil War. The idea is to enable the public to compare different national experiences during, and memories of, these three wars (including military/naval/air operations, the home front, repression, occupation and liberation). The text was deliberately written to be non-academic and easy to understand.

Commonwealth War Graves Commission: The Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC) was established in 1917. Its duties involve marking and maintaining the graves of the members of the forces of the Commonwealth who were killed in the two World Wars. The CWGC is also responsible for keeping records of those who lost their lives and over the years has become an important source of information for those carrying out historical research. The CWGC has now made this material available on the Internet. It is now possible to obtain details of the rank, regiment, date and burial of all members of the armed forces killed in the First World War.

Allies in War: This website was originally established by Syd Dean for women from the United Kingdom who met and married American Servicemen and then moved to the United States and many other countries. Later it was decided to include anything that was of historical value. This ranges from enquiries to find out what happened to a certain ship, or squadron or the location of a particular cemetery.

Battlefield Anomalies: The main reason why Graham Morris started this site was to enable the layman, and the professional military historian to gain access to some of the lesser-known battles of history, as well as a few of the more familiar, without having to troll through the masses of irrelevant and often misleading information available on the Web. Morris hopes that his website will stimulate debate and discussion. The website currently features the battles at Caradoc, Eylau, Fontenoy, Heilsberg, Koniggtatz, Malplaquet and Gettysburg.

Seven Years War: A collection of articles on the Seven Years War including Transportation of Provisions in North America (Keith Raynor), The Siege of Louisbourg (Larry Ostola), An Account of Two Attacks on Fort William Henry (Keith Raynor), A Soldier's Account of the Campaign on Quebec (Robert Henderson), History and Uniform of the 60th Regiment of Foot, 1755-1760 (Jack L. Summers and René Chartrand), Ohio Forts in 1753 (Keith Raynor) and The British Grenadiers and their Mitre Caps (Robert Henderson).

English Civil War

Encylopedia of the English Civil War: A comprehensive encyclopedia of the conflict between the monarchy and parliament. Most entries contain a narrative, illustrations and primary sources. The text within each entry is hypertexted to other relevant pages in the encyclopedia. In this way it is possible to research individual people and events in great detail. The sources are also hypertexted so the student is able to find out about the writer, artist, newspaper, organization, etc., that produced the material. There are sections on Military Leaders (36), Political and Religious Figures (40), Writers and the Civil War (14), Artists and the Civil War (6), Events, Issues and Organizations (18), Battles (6) and Religious Groups (10).

English Civil War: The site includes a collection of timelines: Parliament and Constitution 1640-60, The First Civil War 1640-46, The Second Civil War 1647-49, The Third Civil War 1649-51, The Commonwealth 1649-53, Cromwell's Protectorate 1654-58 and The Restoration 1659-60. There is also twenty-four biographies of leading figures in the conflict and descriptions of sixty-two battles and sieges.

Oliver Cromwell Internet Portal: Since his death in 1658, Oliver Cromwell's life, ambitions, motives and actions have been the subject of scholarly investigation and debate. The Oliver Cromwell Internet Portal is maintained by the Cromwell Association and the Cromwell Museum in Huntington. The material is organized under the following headings: Oliver Cromwell's Life, Antecedents, Politician, Soldier, Religion, Quotes About, Quotes By, English Civil War, In the News and Bibliography.

First World War

First World War Encyclopaedia: A comprehensive encyclopaedia of the First World War. Each entry contains a narrative, illustrations and primary sources. The text within each entry is hypertexted to other relevant pages in the encyclopedia. In this way it is possible to research individual people and events in great detail. The sources are also hypertexted so the student is able to find out about the writer, artist, newspaper, organization, etc., that produced the material. So far there are sections on: Chronology, Outbreak of War, Allied Armed Forces, Central Powers, Important Battles, Technology, Political Leaders, British Home Front, Military Leaders, Trench War, The Soldiers, Major Offensives, War at Sea, War in the Air, War Artists, War Literature, War Heroes, Women at War, Organisations, Strategies & Tactics, Weapons & Machines, Inventors and the War, Theatres of War and War Statistics.

Trenches on the Web: Trenches on the Web is an evolving project being developed by Mike Lavorone in the USA. New material is being added all the time and this reflects the concerns and interests of the people who use the site and are willing to send information to the webmaster. Lavorone describes himself as the trench-keeper ("a history technician, not a historian, recording these events with the tools currently available"). Students can explore a wide variety of themes and topics. It is also possible to look at certain issues in great detail. The range and display of statistics in this website is especially impressive. The visitor is never allowed to forget the human tragedy of this conflict and heart-rendering photographs appear next to the tables and graphs on the screen.

First World War Open Directory: The Open Directory follows in the footsteps of some of the most important contributor projects of the 20th century. Just as the Oxford English Dictionary became the definitive word on words through the efforts of a volunteers, the Open Directory follows in its footsteps to become the definitive catalog of the Web. The Open Directory was founded in the spirit of the Open Source movement, and is the only major directory that is 100% free. Its directory of the First World War contains 356 websites: General Accounts (29), Armed Forces (12), Personalities (113), Theatres of Operation (51), Regional (85), Aviation (25), Art and Literature (24) and Aftermath (11).

The Aerodrome: Aces and Aircraft of World War I: Scott Hamilton is responsible for this beautifully designed and easy to use website. As the title suggests, the website contains details of all the main First World War aces and aircraft. The database includes biographies of aces from sixteen different countries. The entries are extremely detailed and very good use is made of hypertexted links. Other features include a Discussion, Forum and Today in History, where information is provided on all the significant events that took place on that particular date during the war.

BBC History interactive: World War One: This BAFTA award-winning BBC History interactive website offers the chance to explore the human face of the First World War. Discover what life was like in the trenches and on the Home Front through dramatizations of original diaries, letters and photographs through interactive movies. Leading academics such as Gary Sheffield, Joanna Bourke and Stephen Badsey answer the key questions: why did the First World War start? Were the men really lions led by donkeys? And, ultimately, what was the impact on society? You can explore original documents and take a virtual tour of a 3-D trench system, whilst animated maps of the Western Front highlight the movements of the armies and the key battles.

Cecil Slack's War: Andrew Moore has producing an outstanding website on the letters and diaries of Cecil Slack, a soldier who took part in the First World War. As well as Slack's own writings the website also contains photographs of the man and his family. There is also a wealth of ideas on how you can use the material to teach History and English to students aged 9 to 14.

Art and the First World War: This is an excellent website devoted to the art produced during the First World War. Created to commemorate the 80th anniversary of the Armistice, the database includes 54 artists and images of 100 pictures from museums in London, Paris, Berlin, Bonn, Vienna, Caen and Verdun. All the exhibits includes background details of the work and a brief biography of the artist. The paintings are listed under seven different categories: War Declared, Fighting Men, Age of Artillery, The Battlefield, Total War, Suffering and Death.

Commonwealth War Graves Commission: The Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC) was established in 1917. Its duties involve marking and maintaining the graves of the members of the forces of the Commonwealth who were killed in the two World Wars. The CWGC is also responsible for keeping records of those who lost their lives and over the years has become an important source of information for those carrying out historical research. The CWGC has now made this material available on the Internet. It is now possible to obtain details of the rank, regiment, date and burial of all members of the armed forces killed in the First World War.

Causes of World War I: In an extensive online lesson from School History pupils are able to work through information plus brief assessment questions relating to the causes of World War I. In-depth information covering both the long term and short term causes is covered. Through the use of maps and other images, together with clear explanation and analysis, this lesson is a good way to revise or investigate the outbreak to World War I.

First World War: From the root causes of the First World War through to technological advances made during the conflict this Schools History unit provides easy to understand coverage of all aspects of the First World War. Resources are written for students aged 13-16 and are carefully constructed to meet the needs of the National Curriculum requirements. The site provides a section of resources for teachers to make use of and the casual reader will find many interesting facts within this expanding collection of biographies, descriptions and pictures.

Canadian Air Aces and Heroes is a set of biographies on Canadians who distinguished themselves in military aviation from WWI through WWII and Korea. Linked with the biographies are technical pages on the aircraft they flew and fought against. It is continually being updated and added to so check back occasionally to see if anything new has been added.

Women in World War One: It was not until the United States got involved in the World War One that some parts of the government got serious about using women power. During the conflict nearly 13,000 women enlisted in the Navy and the Marine Corps. This website, produced by Barbara Wilson, a former captain in the USAF, contains information of these women and the large number of nurses who served in Europe during the conflict.

Godfrey Chavasse: Captain Noel Godfrey Chavasse was Britain's most highly decorated serviceman in World War One. He was not however a soldier, being Medical Officer to the 10th (Liverpool Scottish) Battalion. When the Great War started, Noel went with his battalion to France, arriving there in November 1914. Noel won his first medal (a Military Cross) at the Battle of Hooge in June 1915. Noel's first Victoria Cross was gained at Guillemont on 8th August 1916 during the Battle of the Somme. When the Third Battle of Ypres started on 31st July 1917 Noel was in the front line with his men. For nearly two days he went out into the battlefield rescuing and treating wounded soldiers. It was during this period Noel performed the deeds that gained him his second VC. Unfortunately he was never to know about the award as he was killed in his aid station when a shell came through the door and exploded.

Canadian Military Heritage Project: This website is dedicated to presenting Canadian military history - the wars, uprisings and conflicts in which Canadians participated. The goal of the project is to preserve the records and memories of Canadians who served their country, and to ensure that their sacrifices are not forgotten. The website provides historical background for each conflict, chronological timelines, statistics, battles, weaponry, uniforms & equipment, famous Canadians, biographies of soldiers, heroes and their stories, contributions of women, other countries who participated, muster rolls for conflicts before 1900, letters from soldiers at the front, music and poetry, guest authors' submissions and links to other online resources.

Shot at Dawn: When the British Army went into action in the summer of 1914, a number of offences were punishable with death. This included mutiny, cowardice before the enemy, self-inflicted wounds, disobedience of a lawful order, desertion or attempted desertion, sleeping or being drunk on post, striking a superior officer, casting away arms or ammunition in the presence of the enemy, leaving a post without orders, abandoning a position, and treacherously communicated with or in any way assisting the enemy. This website, Shot at Dawn, provides details of the 346 British soldiers who were executed during the First World War. It also includes information on German, French and Belgian executions.

The Austro-Hungarian Army: The aim of this website is to document the organizational history of the land forces of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy from just prior to the outbreak of the Great War until the collapse of the monarchy in 1918. The subject is huge and therefore the site will be a continually evolving project. The authors intend to produce as time goes on not only the organization of the land forces, but also biographies of senior commanders, individual regimental histories and details of particular engagements and battles in the Italian, Galician, Carpathian, Rumanian and Serbian theatres of operations.

Zeppelin Raids in the First World War: Count von Zeppelin, a retired German army officer, flew his first airship in 1900. They were lighter than air, filled with hydrogen, with a steel framework. When the war started in 1914, the German armed forces had several Zeppelins, each capable of travelling at about 85 m.p.h. and carrying up to 2 tons of bombs. With military deadlock on the Western Front, they decided to use them against towns and cities in Britain. This website produced by the Public Record Office looks in detail on the Zeppelin raid on Hull in June 1915.

Voluntary Aid Detachments: During the Great War over 6,000 men and women in the county of Kent in the UK joined Voluntary Aid Detachments to help care for sick and wounded soldiers. They set up and ran over 80 auxiliary military hospitals, to which over 125,000 men of many nationalities were admitted. This site has a list of military, VAD and other hospitals in Kent used for military patients as well as information about some of the detachments, activities and the people involved.

First World War Poetry: This seminar is intended as an introduction to First World War poetry. As well as the poets Wilfred Owen, Rupert Brooke, Isaac Rosenberg, Siegfried Sassoon and Edward Thomas the seminar looks at women poets in the First World War. Each poet and topic includes the following: (a) an introduction, (b) a featured poem, appropriate to the seminar's theme, (c) some literary criticism of the featured poem, (d) other relevant information or texts, (e) a selection of other poems appropriate to the poet/topic.

Wilfred Owen: This website includes four of Wilfred Owen's most popular poems: Anthem for Doomed Youth, Dulce et Decorum est, Strange Meeting and The Parable of the Old Man and the Young. There are also links to other websites on Wilfred Owen and his poetry.

One Time, One Place: Mouse Trap Farm is a place in Flanders near the Belgium town of Ypres. During the Great War of 1914 - 1918, it became part of the front line between the two great armies. In it's vicinity, hundreds of thousands of men died. On the 26th April 1915 the 6th battalion of the Northumberland Fusiliers, made a suicidal attack at Mouse Trap Farm. Brian Grieves, whose grandfather was killed in the offensive, has created a website on the events of that day. It is designed to be of use in many teaching contingencies. It an be a simple but gripping display - or an individual investigation for the older, more able student. For the creative, involved teacher it is a deep repository of ideas and stimulus which can be teacher - led with a wide range of groups.

The Trench: What might everyday life have been like in the trenches of World War One? The Trench recreates the experience of the 10th Battalion of the East Yorkshire Regiment in the Autumn of 1916 on the Western Front. Modern-day volunteers from Hull and East Yorkshire spent two weeks in an authentically constructed trench system in northern France. This BBC website also includes a virtual tour of a First World War trench.

The Great War 1914-18: As well as general information on the Ypres Salient the site includes an innovative detailed study of the Second Battle of Ypres, 1915. The study so far consists of 80 pages of text and maps for the Prelude to the Battle and the battle from 5.00pm to midnight. It also features unique map and timeline windows. The next phase of the battle study for 23 April 1915 will be added to the site shortly.

One Day's Fighting on the Western Front: This website looks in great detail at what happened to the men of the 2/8th Sherwood Foresters (Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Regiment) during one day's fighting on the Western Front in September 1917. Produced by the Great War Family Ancestry and Research Services, the website also provides an illustrated account of the Polygon Wood battlefield today.

54th Canadian Infantry Battalion: A website devoted to the activities of the 54th Canadian Infantry Battalion that fought in France and Belgium during the First World War. This includes photographs and biographies of a large number of the volunteers who fought in the regiment.

First World War.com: This is a wide-ranging frequently updated website providing information on a variety of Great War topics. Containing some 500 biographical sketches and over 100 battle summaries from all fronts of the war, the site also offers an extensive (and eclectic) collection of short memoirs penned by participants (from nurses to infantrymen to prisoners). A special section addresses the impact of much of the prose and poetry written during and as a consequence of the war's effects. Archive photographs are set alongside pictures of the battlefields today, each with a short summary describing its significance. A timeline is available detailing events for every day of the war from the July Crisis to the Armistice. Special features deal with given aspects of the war, from its planning and origins to the curious Christmas Truce of 1914. Archive songs and speeches from the 1914-18 era recall the popular tunes of the day in audio. Finally the site offers a collection of key source documents associated with the conflict, including treaty texts (Versailles, Brest-Litovsk) and diplomatic agreements.

Experience of War: An anthology of over 100 extracts, both prose and poetry, dealing with war - with particular reference to the First World War. Maintained by Steve Brown, the website includes work by Rupert Brooke, Julian Grenfell, John McCrae, Isaac Rosenberg, W. B. Yeats, Siegfried Sassoon, Wilfred Owen, Edmund Blunden, Edward Thomas, Charles Hamilton Sorley, Robert Graves, Rudyard Kipling, Ivor Gurney and Carl Sandburg.

The Great War in Flanders Fields: From 1914 to 1918 the 'Westhoek', the western part the Province of West-Flanders, i.e. the area of Nieuwpoort, Diksmuide, Leper (Ypres), Poperinge, was the scene of the Great War. Hundreds of thousands of soldiers of more than 20 nationalities fell in this conflict. After the often pointless battles and vast destruction, the Westhoek rose from its ashes. This interactive website gives you the opportunity to learn more about World War I in the Westhoek. The central database includes all monuments, sites, locations, cemeteries, etc. in the Westhoek. Furthermore you will find all important events referring to the Great War, a reading list, the museums, accommodation, a number of interesting websites and extensive historical information.

Joseph Lesage and the First World War: This website contains the drawings, history and letters of Joseph Lesage, a First World War telegrapher. Together witch two comrades he started in 1915 a soldier -paper for his division. Joseph went through all of it: the first German attacks near Nancy in 1914, the battle of Verdun in 1916 and the offensives at the rivers Aisne and Marne in 1917 and 1918.

The Heritage of the Great War is dedicated to the events and consequences of World War One. This website puts some emphasis on unorthodox and thought-provoking points of view. And it shows people rather than strategic plans or statistics. To this end this site features one of the most extensive and explicit World War One photo collections on the Internet. The articles on this website are mainly in English, some are in Dutch (Flemish) only. There are special sections for English and Dutch speaking students, where they will find help with their schoolwork.

War Medals: A website devoted to buying and selling war medals. Visitors can view a large collection of German, American, British, French, Russian, Belgian and Polish medals. There is also a forum where visitors can ask questions about medals and badges.

Life in the Trenches: This First World War decision-making simulation has been created by Russel Tarr of Active History. In this activity students play the role of a British soldier who joins the army in 1914 to fight in the war. The simulation involves students using selected websites in order to carry out required research tasks. While playing the game students learn about the conditions which soldiers lived and fought in, and the dangers they faced.

Zeppelins and the First World War: Before the 20th century, civilians in Britain had been largely unaffected by war. Overseas wars rarely touched British shores; even violent civil wars passed most civilians by unless they were very unlucky. But the First World War was to change that, for ever. When the war started in 1914, the German armed forces had several Zeppelins, each capable of travelling at about 85 m.p.h. and carrying up to 2 tons of bombs. With military deadlock on the Western Front, they decided to use them against towns and cities in Britain. The first raid was on Great Yarmouth and King’s Lynn in January 1915. This Public Record Office activity involves students studying documents that refer to a Zeppelin raid on Hull in June 1915.

Air of Authority: This site is becoming established as one of the leading sites covering the history of the Royal Air Force. Its main focus is the organisational history of the service from its formation in 1918 to the present day and includes details of its predeccessors the Royal Flying Corps and Royal Naval Air Service, were this is relevant to the story. The site is constantly being up-dated and is in a constant state of change. It currently gives formation details for a wide range of RAF units from Ministry down to Squadron level. Air Council appointments, Command and Group Commanders are given and individual biographical details for over 500 senior RAF officers are given. Squadron histories for all RAF squadrons are being added with many now complete. Each squadron history is supported by a detailed break down of aircraft used together with colour profiles of many of the aircraft types used showing camouflage and markings."

Battle of Baghdad 1917: In the First World War the Ottoman (Turkish) Empire sided with the Germans and Austrians. The Turks had held Mesopotamia since 1534 and they had a firm grip on many of the Persian and Arabian oilfields. Britain wanted that oil for its large navy. The British gained Basra and its oil wells in November 1914. They also occupied the terminal of the oil pipeline and the refineries on the island of Abadan in the river of Shatt El Arab, in the south-western corner of Persia (Iran). In December 1916 the Mesopotamian Expeditionary Force crossed the river Tigris and captured Kut-el-Amara. Over the next few months the British and went on to take Beersheba, Jaffa and Jerusalem. This website takes a look at what happened when the troops reached Baghdad in March 1917.

Spanish Civil War

Spanish Civil War: A comprehensive encyclopedia of the Spanish Civil War. Each entry contains a narrative, illustrations and primary sources. The text within each entry is hypertexted to other relevant pages in the encyclopedia. In this way it is possible to research individual people and events in great detail. The sources are also hypertexted so the student is able to find out about the writer, artist, newspaper, organization, etc., that produced the material. There are sections on: Main Events and Issues (10), Political Organizations (16), Military Organizations (24), Important Battles (12), Biographies: Spanish (54), Biographies: Foreign Participants and Observers (60), International Leaders and the Civil War (22) and Individual Countries and the Spanish Civil War (10).

Spanish Civil War: Dreams and Nightmares: This major special exhibition, the first of its kind to be mounted in the United Kingdom, marks the sixty-fifth anniversary of the arrival in Spain of the International Brigades - volunteers from France, Germany, Italy, Britain, the United States and many other countries who flocked to support the Republican government in its struggle against the Nationalist forces under General Franco and their German and Italian allies. It focuses on the personal experiences of soldiers and civilians, and the impact of the war on artists, writers and intellectuals. Exhibits have been assembled from museums, archives and private collections in the United Kingdom, the United States, Germany, France and Spain.

Posters of the Spanish Civil War: The Spanish Civil War was an ideological battleground for all Europe. The insurgents led by General Franco were assisted by German air power and 50,000 Italian volunteers, whereas the Soviet Union sent advisers and technicians to help the republican government. There were also International Brigades, made up of communists and left-wing sympathizers from many countries, involved in the fighting. This website provides a commentary of the conflict plus 25 posters produced during the war.

Spanish Civil War Fact Book: Marcus Wendel of Sweden has produced this useful website on the Spanish Civil War. This includes articles on the Legion Condor Aircraft, Fighter Aces, the Polikarpov I-I53 in Spain, International Brigades, and Foreign Support. The website also provides a timeline, glossary, bibliography and a good collection of links.

Don Henry and the Civil War: Don Henry, a student at the University of Kansas, was one of the many young men who joined the International Brigades fighting in the Spanish Civil War. On 3rd September 1937, Don Henry, was killed on a battlefield in Spain. This lesson, produced by Charles E. Schamel and Wayne Schamel, for the Abraham Lincoln Brigade Archives, looks at the reasons why.

Bill Bailey: Abraham Lincoln Battalion: On the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936, Bailey joined the Abraham Lincoln Battalion, a unit that volunteered to defend the Popular Front government against General Franco and his Nationalist Army. While in Spain he wrote to his mother explaining his actions: "You see Mom, there are things that one must do in this life that are a little more than just living. In Spain there are thousands of mothers like yourself who never had a fair shake in life. They got together and elected a government that really gave meaning to their life. But a bunch of bullies decided to crush this wonderful thing. That's why I went to Spain, Mom, to help these poor people win this battle, then one day it would be easier for you and the mothers of the future." Bill Bailey was one of those who came back and his autobiography, The Kid from Hoboken, is now available on the Internet.

Spanish Civil War: Cary Nelson of the University of Illinois has created one of the best website on the Spanish Civil War on the Internet. It includes an overview of the war, a photo essay, a chronology, posters, flags, letters by American volunteers, poems, as well as articles and speeches by George Orwell, La Pasionaria, Ernest Hemingway, Bernard Knox and Tony Hendra.

Spanish Civil War Interviews: In November 2000 the Guardian newspaper published a supplement on the the last British survivors of the International Brigades who fought in the Spanish Civil War. This material is now available on the Internet and the website includes interviews with Sam Russell, Lou Kenton, Joe Garber, Bob Peters, Jack Jones, Alfred Sherman, Penny Feiwel, Benny Goldman, Dave Goodman, David Marshall, Sol Frankel, Bob Doyle, Tom Clarke, Jack Straw, George Wheeler, Frank Graham, Frank Mills, Alun Williams and Steve Fullerton.

Spanish Civil War Directory: A collection of websites on the Spanish Civil War sorted by language (Spanish, English, Italian, French, Portuguese, Catalan and Galician) and by subject (General Websites, International Dimension of the War, International Brigades, Anarchism, Local History, Military Aspects, Women’s History, Posters and Photographs and a particular selection of “essential” websites. The front page and the “essential” websites page are in English and Spanish, the rest only in Spanish.

Second World War

Second World War Encyclopaedia: A comprehensive encyclopaedia of the Second World War. Each entry contains a narrative, illustrations and primary sources. The text within each entry is hypertexted to other relevant pages in the encyclopedia. In this way it is possible to research individual people and events in great detail. The sources are also hypertexted so the student is able to find out about the writer, artist, newspaper, organization, etc., that produced the material. So far there are sections on: Background to the War; Nazi Germany, Chronology of the War, Political Leaders, European Diplomacy, Major Offensives, British Military Leaders, USA Military Leaders, German Military Leaders, Japanese Military Leaders, The Armed Forces, The Air War, The Resistance, Scientists & Inventors, War at Sea, Resistance in Nazi Germany, The Holocaust, War Artists, Weapons and New Technology.

The Home Front: The multiple award winning Learning Curve has launched its latest piece of content. The Home Front: 1939-45 is designed to complement fully the History National Curriculum (Key Stages 2-4). Students can take a multimedia journey through seven different aspects the Second World War and make up their own mind as to why it occurred and how it was fought. Along every step of the way the student has unrivalled access to the original documentation, gaining a real experience of 'making history'.

War and Conflict: World War II: Another outstanding website produced by the BBC. The material on the war can be accessed by topic, time or people. The large collection of articles covers the Battle of Britain, the Holocaust, the Blitz, Area Bombing, War in Russia, the Battle of El Alamein, Allied PoWs, SOE, Emperor Hirohito, Heinrich Himmler, Battle of Arnhem, Home Guard, MI5, Monte Cassino, Evacuation, Adolf Hitler and the role of Caribbean, Indian and African forces during the war.

U-boat War 1939-1945: This website contains over 12,700 pages of information on the U-boat War. This includes biographies of 1,411 U-boat commanders and profiles of 1153 U-boats. Recent articles added include U-boat Shipyards, U-boat Types, Donitz at Nuremberg, Sinking of SS Athenia, German Saboteur Teams in the USA, U-boat Songs, Men Lost from U-boats, German Torpedo Crisis, Operation Deadlight, Convoy Commodores and U-boat Computer Simulations.

George Rarey's Sketchbook Journals: George Rarey was drafted into the US Army Air Corps in 1942 and eventually became a member of the 379 Fighter Squadron. Rarey was also a commercial artist and until he was killed in France in 1944 kept a cartoon journal of the daily life of the fighter pilots. This very impressive website, produced by his son, includes George Rarey's drawings, with explanatory text contributed by surviving members of the 379th Fighter Squadron. The website also features excerpts from Rarey's letters and his wife's memoirs.

Winston S. Churchill: Maintained by the Churchill Center in Washington, this website is devoted to the life and times of Winston Churchill. The very detailed biography is organism into eight sections: Youth (1874-1900), Young Statesman (1901-1914), The Challenge of War (1914-16), The Stricken World (1917-1922), The Prophet of Truth (1923-1939), Finest Hour (1939-1941), Road to Victory (1942-1945) and Never Despair (1945-1965). Other sections include Debates about Churchill, Churchill's Life: Day by Day, Churchill Facts and Frequently Asked Questions.

Deutsches Afrika Korps : Paulo Henriques of Portugal has created this detailed website on the Deutsches Afrika Korps during the Second World War. As well as providing biographies and photographs of the leading commanders there are also articles on the War in Africa, The Italian Army, Afrika Korps History, Life in the Afrika Korps, Afrika Korps Units and Symbols, Afrika Korps Uniforms, Afrika Korps Guns and Afrika Korps Songs.

Women and the Second World War: In September 1943 the Special Operations Executive (SOE) sent Pearl Witherington into France where she became head of the Wrestler Network. Over the next few months Witherington, one of the 39 female agents sent into France during the war, helped organize over 1,500 members of the Maquis against the German Army. This website illustrates the important role played by women in the war and includes biographies of twenty secret agents, twenty women involved in the anti-Nazi resistance movement in Europe and twelve women who risked their lives as war reporters.

NZ Fighter Pilots Museum: In 1945 New Zealand had a population of under 1.5 million. During World War II this small country provided (on a per capita basis) the largest number of aircrew (57,000) and the largest number of fighter aces (94) of any country in the world. It is a sad statement, also, that they contributed the largest number of aircrew killed relative to population. The New Zealand Fighter Pilots Museum is over eight years old. In that time over 165,000 visitors from around the world have visited us to learn and be entertained. In the four years since this site was launched, the number of visitors to this website has surpassed twice that number.

Canadian Air Aces and Heroes is a set of biographies on Canadians who distinguished themselves in military aviation from WWI through WWII and Korea. Linked with the biographies are technical pages on the aircraft they flew and fought against. It is continually being updated and added to so check back occasionally to see if anything new has been added.

War Peace and Security Guide provides a comprehensive collection of links to military resources. Produced by the Canadian Forces College Information Resource Centre, the website includes sections on Armed Forces of the World, Contemporary Conflicts, International Organizations, International Relations, Military Art and Science, Military Biography, Military History & Peace and Disarmament.

Royal Air Force: A website that celebrates the history of the RAF and its pioneering role in the development of aviation, from its earliest beginnings to the present day. The Time Line traces the history of aviation and the Royal Air Force. It features many photographs and illustrations as well as sound-bites and links which provide fuller explanations of the major aircraft types, people and events of the period. The Histories section provides material on the different Royal Air Force units and stations.

A-Bomb WWW Museum: This website is produced by the A-bomb WWW Project is based in Hiroshima, Japan. The authors, Mitsura Ohba and John Benson, state that their main objective is to "provide the context for a constructive discussion of what the world can learn from this event and why such weapons of total destruction should never again be used". The website includes sections entitled 'Voices of A-bomb Survivors' and 'Children of Hiroshima'.

Australia in World War Two: During the Second World War more than 900,000 men and women served in the Australian armed forces. About 560,000 Australians served overseas, the majority of them with the Army, which employed 482,690 personnel at its peak in April 1943. This website, produced by Rosemary Horton, the librarian at Trinity College in East Perth, provides a series of links to websites with detailed content on Australia in World War Two.

Canadian Military Heritage Project: This website is dedicated to presenting Canadian military history - the wars, uprisings and conflicts in which Canadians participated. The goal of the project is to preserve the records and memories of Canadians who served their country, and to ensure that their sacrifices are not forgotten. The website provides historical background for each conflict, chronological timelines, statistics, battles, weaponry, uniforms & equipment, famous Canadians, biographies of soldiers, heroes and their stories, contributions of women, other countries who participated, muster rolls for conflicts before 1900, letters from soldiers at the front, music and poetry, guest authors' submissions and links to other online resources.

Battle of Britain: This is probably the most comprehensive website available on the Internet on the Battle of Britain. It includes a detailed account of every days events from July 10th 1940 through to October 31st 1940, the official period set down for the Battle of Britain. Included in this account, are all the days events, weather conditions, the times of enemy detection by radar and combat actions, quotations given by many that took part, and historical accounts provided by many historians and a full listing of all the R.A.F casualties for each day. The website also has a Bulletin Board where you may post messages and ask questions.

Women Come to the Front is a website devoted to women who worked as journalists, photographers and broadcasters during the Second World War. This includes articles such as War, Women and Opportunity and Seeds of Change and biographies of Therese Bonney, Toni Frissell, Clare Boothe Luce, Janet Flanner, Esther Bubley, Dorothea Lange and May Craig. There is also a full list of accredited women correspondents employed during the war.

Life and Times of Winston Churchill: The most comprehensive website on Winston Churchill on the Internet. There is a day by day account of his life and a complete list of books written by Churchill. Other sections include Churchill's speeches and quotes, Churchill trivia, debates about Churchill, and reviews of early books by Churchill.

Bob Baxter's Bomber Command: This website provides an overall and concise view of the role of Bomber Command in World War II. At the press of a button can be seen the memories of the men who flew in the bombers, and the men on the ground who kept them flying night after night. Three main targets in that nightmare of all bomber crews 'the Ruhr' of Germany are highlighted, along with aspects of those dark and dangerous days and more than a glimpse of the impact and dedication of Bomber Command and its crews. The web site also has a typical airfield layout as it was in WWII. The most famous and productive bomber of WWII, the Lancaster is fully illustrated with photographs and text plus a very detailed photograph of the Merlin engines that carried the bomber to and from the target on countless occasions from 1942 to 1945.

Iwo Jima: At the beginning of 1945 General Douglas MacArthur, Supreme Commander of the Southwest Pacific Area, decided to try and capture the small volcanic island of Iwo Jima that at the time was being defended by 20,000 veterans of the Japanese Special Naval Landing Force. On 19th February, American soldiers began landing on the island. Over 250,000 men and 900 ships were involved in this amphibious operation under the command of Admiral Richmond Turner. The main objective was to capture the island's three airstrips and to to obtain a forward air base for the planned Allied attack on the Japanese home territories. Of the 23,000 Japanese soldiers defending Iwo Jima, only 216 were taken alive. The American forces also suffered during the bitter fighting on the island with 5,391 Marines killed and 17,400 wounded. This website provides a detailed account of the campaign.

Virtual Chat with Adolf Hitler: In this innovative "artificial intelligence" activity from Russel Tarr at ActiveHistory, users can type in questions which Hitler answers. If you are stuck for a question, you can ask the computer to suggest one from a variety of categories, and if Hitler does not respond correctly it is possible to submit the question to ActiveHistory so that his 'brain' can be updated. All people who contribute in this way are given full recognition on a separate 'credits' page. Lesson plans to make use of the resource in the classroom are also provided, and this is an original and engaging way of learning about Nazi Germany.

The Niztor Project: A website dedicated to the millions of Holocaust victims who suffered and died at the hands of Adolf Hitler and his Nazi regime. Subjects covered include the Holocaust Camps, Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, The Nuremberg Trials, Techniques of Holocaust Denial, Trial of Adolf Eichmann and Holocaust Revisionism.

D-Day Letters: The D-day invasion began with a dangerous attack by American paratroopers. Dropped behind enemy lines to soften up the German troops and to secure needed targets, the paratroopers knew that if the accompanying assault by sea failed - there would be no rescue. Departing from Portland Bill on the English Coast, the 101st and 82nd US Airborne Divisions were dropped on the Cherbourg Peninsula. From that point, the 101st division was to secure the western end behind UTAH and head off an eastern German advance. The 82nd, landing farther inland, was to seize the bridges and halt an advance from the west. This PBS website contains a collection of letters written by the paratroopers involved in this action. The words of the soldiers relay the many emotions experienced by the men who fought on D-day.

Second World War Pillboxes: In the summer of 1940 a network of defences was hastily built all over the British Isles to prevent an anticipated German invasion. Sited at road junctions, canals and other strategic points these constructions were called "pillboxes". If the Battle of Britain had turned out differently our fathers or grandfathers might have died in one defending the freedoms which many now take for granted. This site attempts to show what remains today.

Douglas MacArthur: No soldier in modern history has been more admired - or more reviled than Douglas MacArthur. The liberator of the Philippines, shogun of Occupied Japan, brilliant victor of the Battle of Inchon, was an admired national hero when he was suddenly relieved of his command. This PBS website concentrates on MacArthur in the Philippines during the Second World War and his conflict with Harry S. Truman in 1951.

World War Remembered: People are a great resource - their memories can unlock the past for us. World War Remembered is a Web site that publishes personal accounts of the wars of the last century. Students and teachers from the East Riding of Yorkshire, in the United Kingdom, have collected spoken and written memoirs from people who experienced war - in the armed services, or as civilians. This site is growing, as more people contribute - and this site can help preserve their stories for future historians.

Battle for Berlin: Stalin's attempt to take Berlin ahead of his allies in 1945 led to the death of 70,000 Russian soldiers. This BBC website follows historian Antony Beevor as he examined the conquering army's conduct and unearthed evidence to suggest that Stalin's nuclear ambitions may have driven him to take such military risks. Beevor's task was awesome. There were tens of thousands of unexplored documents in the Russian archives relevant to the Battle of Berlin. Would the new material shed light on controversial issues such as the alleged mass rape of German women by Red Army soldiers? Why did Stalin sacrifice the lives of tens of thousands of his soldiers in order to be in Berlin before the Americans?

Nazi and East German Propaganda: Propaganda was central to Nazi Germany and the postwar German Democratic Republic. The German Propaganda Archive website maintained by Randall Bytwerk, includes both propaganda itself and material produced for the guidance of propagandists. The goal is to help people understand the two great totalitarian systems of the 20th Century by giving them access to the primary material. The website includes speeches, posters, cartoons and photographs.

Battle of Midway: In a three day battle between June 3-6, 1942 United States land and carrier-based planes decisively repulsed a heavy Japanese naval and air assault. Japanese casualties included loss of 275 planes, four large carriers, two heavy cruisers, and three destroyers and damage to three battleships and four cruisers. American losses included one carrier, one destroyer and 150 planes. This website, produced by the US Department of the Navy, provides an illustrated account of this important battle.

London At War: A comprehensive website on London during the Second World War. The material is organized under four headings: Children and the War (Winter 1939, Schools & Evacuation, Barbara Male, George Knott); Air Raids (London Prepares, ARP, Civil Defence, An Incident, The Blitz); Shelter (Going Underground, Eastenders, Westenders, Shelter Life, Home Shelters, Rev. James Mackay); Women at War (Daily Life, Business as Usual, Dig for Victory, Rationing, Spam and Spives).

Destruction of Lidice: In 1942 Lidice, a village in Czechoslovakia, was the scene of a violent reprisal for the assassination of Reinhard Heydrich. The village was razed to the ground and all its inhabitants murdered. This is the official site of the Czech government dedicated to events in Lidice. Produced in German, Czech and English it tells the story of both the events of 1942 and efforts to commemorate the massacre.

Lidice and Oradour: Remembering the Nazi Massacres: The 10th June marks the anniversary of the Nazi massacres of 340 citizens of the Czech village of Lidice in 1942 and 642 citizens of the French village of Oradour-sur-Glane in 1944. Both villages were completely destroyed by the SS, but for reasons of memorial neither was rebuilt on their original site. At Lidice the visitor finds an empty valley with only a low stone wall to mark the position of the barn where villagers were shot. At Oradour the ruins have been carefully preserved to create France's village martyr. This website, produced by the International School of Toulouse, is an interesting example of how websites might be used to support the learning of students undertaking history fieldwork.

Navajo Code Talkers: Early in 1942 Philip Johnson, met Major General Clayton B. Vogel, the commanding general of Amphibious Corps, Pacific Fleet, and suggested that the U.S. Marines used the Navajo language as a secret code. Johnson, who had grown up on an Navajo Reservation, argued that because it of its complex syntax, tonal qualities and dialect, the Japanese cryptographers would find it impossible to decipher. He also pointed out that Navajo was not a written language and less than 30 non-Navajos understood it. Vogel was convinced by Johnson's arguments and it was decided to establish a Navajo code programme at Camp Pendleton at Oceanside, California. Over the next three years over 400 Navajos agents were trained to use the code and around 300 saw action in the field. Speaking Navajo and using an additional code within that, they were able to convey information and orders among Marine units and Navy warships and aircraft. This website provides an overview of the subject plus links to other related resources including a Navajo Code Talker Lesson, a Navajo Code Talkers' Dictionary, a Navajo Code Cipher Simulation and the Windtalkers film.

Evacuation: During World War II, children and those at risk were taken to places of safety to protect them from bombs and war damage. The well-known story of evacuation sees people evacuated from London to the countryside. However, this doesn't tell the whole story. Some children were evacuated to other British Dominions (countries that were part of the British Empire) such as Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa. In this Public Record Office website students can investigate what happened to a number of children who were evacuated to Canada by examining official government documents and records.

Oradour-sur-Glane: During the D-day landings in June, 1944, the Maquis and other French Resistance groups rose up to help in the liberation of their country. These armed resistance groups were able to slow down the attempt by the SS Panzer Division to get to the Normandy beaches. The German authorities decided to carry out a revenge attack that would frighten the French people into submission. On 10th June a group of SS soldiers led by Major Adolf Diekmann entered Oradour-sur-Glane, a village in the Haute-Vienne region of France. He ordered the execution of more than 600 men, women and children before setting fire to the village. This website provides a detailed account of this terrible war crime.

War, Media and Propaganda: In 1939 Joseph Goebbels remarked: "We cannot be satisfied with just telling the people what we want. We have to keep hammering on at them until they become addicted to us." This statement is included in the Flanders Field Museum's online exhibition on war, the media and propaganda in the 20th century. The exhibition starts with stories from Belgium in 1914 about nuns were being raped by German soldiers to the claims that Kuwaiti babies were being snatched from hospital incubators by occupying Iraqi troops in 1991.

Second World War Open Directory: This comprehensive directory contains 737 websites on the Second World War: Air Forces (98), Arts and Literature (14), Atomic (56), Directories (3), Documents, Manuscripts and other Primary Sources (3), Education and Academic (3), Land Forces (36), Naval Forces (63), People (183), Regional (133), Theaters of Operations (162), War Crimes (2) and Weapons and Equipment (43).

World War II: The Homefront: This website created by Jacob Crouch, Ben Gould, and Scott Hays for ThinkQuest, an educational web site building contest for high school children world wide. It includes a timeline, an impressive artifact museum and a simulation that allows students to follow the lives of five American families during the school year of September 1943-June 1944.

The Blitz: What was it like in London during the Second World War? How did Londoners cope with the Blitz , the V1 flying bomb attacks, food rationing and all the other hardships of war? What happened to the children when London was in the front line of the battle against Nazi Germany? This website has four sections - Air Raids, Daily Life, Children at war and Shelters - and contain photographs, paintings, posters, diaries, personal reflections and local newsletters from and about the people of London.

45th Infantry Division: The 45th Infantry Division was one of four National Guard Divisions activated in 1940 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, foreseeing the possibility of war on the horizon. The campaigns it fought in were Sicily, Naples- Fogia, Anzio, Rome-Arno, Southern France, Central Europe, Ardennes Alsace, and Rhineland. The World War II Recreation Association in conjunction with BSA Venturing Crew 1941 have developed a website to preserve the history of the 45th Infantry Division and the individual Veterans who served in it.

World War II Memories: Krista Salter's website is dedicated to an English father and Austrian mother and many others who were a part of the Second World War. Do you have memories that you would like to share? If so, please contact Krista Salter via the Feedback button. The website also includes links and section aiming to help family and friends find information on war veterans.

Essential Pearl Harbor: This excellent website has been produced by Osprey, the publishers of military books. It includes a detailed Encyclopedia (over 400 entries), Eyewitness Accounts (sections of an award-winning documentary about the attack on Pearl Harbor), Sounds (radio broadcasts on the attacks), Debate (controversies concerning the attack on Pearl Harbor) and a Timeline (26th November to 11th December, 1941). There are some excellent 3-D animated maps. Other sections looks at uniforms, planes and ships.

Secret Service

Spies and Spymasters: Fifty-eight biographies of spies and those people employed by the State to catch them. This includes George Blake, Anthony Blunt, Maurice Buckmaster, Guy Burgess, Mansfield Cumming, Claude Dansey, Ian Fleming, Klaus Fuchs, Roger Hollis, Vernon Kell, Tyler Kent, Maxwell Knight, Walter Krivitsky, John Le Carre, Guy Liddell, Gordon Lonsdale, Donald Maclean, Leo Marks, Allan Nunn May, Stewart Menzies, Maurice Oldfield, Oleg Penkovsky, Kim Philby, Sidney Reilly, Percy Sillitoe, Dick White, Anna Wolkoff, Peter Wright and Greville Wynne.

History of MI5: In November 1979, Goronwy Rees, gave a deathbed confession that he had been a Soviet spy. He also claimed that Guy Liddell, Deputy Director General of MI5 (1947-52) was also a traitor and had been part of the five man Cambridge Spy Ring (Kim Philby, Guy Burgess, Donald Maclean and Anthony Blunt). In his autobiography published in 1987, former agent, Peter Wright, claimed that the fifth man was not Liddell but Roger Hollis, the Director General of MI5 (1956-65). This website takes a look at the history of MI5 and its search for the fifth man within its ranks.

Walter Krivitsky: In 1937 Walter Krivitsky, the most senior Soviet spy based in Western Europe, defected to the West. He contacted the FBI and gave details of 61 agents working in Britain. Interviewed by MI5 Krivitsky claimed he did not know the names of these agents but described one as being a journalist who had worked for a British newspaper during the Spanish Civil War. Another was described as "a Scotsman of good family, educated at Eton and Oxford, and an idealist who worked for the Russians without payment." These descriptions fitted Kim Philby and Donald Maclean. However, MI5 was not convinced by Krivitsky's testimony and his leads were not followed up. Soon afterwards Krivitsky was murdered by Soviet agents in the Bellevue Hotel in Washington. Under the Freedom of Information Act the FBI have now released 570 pages of information on Walter Krivitsky and these can now be accessed from their website.

Secret Service Bureau: In October 1909, following a recommendation by the Committee of Imperial Defence which had been considering the danger to British naval ports from German espionage, Captain Vernon Kell of the South Staffordshire Regiment and Captain Mansfield Cumming of the Royal Navy jointly established the Secret Service Bureau. To meet an additional requirement from the Admiralty for information about Germany’s new navy, Kell and Cumming decided to divide their work. Thereafter, ‘K’ was responsible for counter-espionage within the British Isles (MI5) while ‘C’ was responsible for gathering intelligence overseas (MI6). This website provides the official history of the Secret Service in Britain.

Women of the Special Operations Executive: This website, created in 1995, tells the story of the women who joined the Special Operations Executive (SOE) during the Second World War. As the author points out, the website "does not intend to glamorize or hero worship the women - the work was far from glamorous - but to simply show the intricate work they did, the extraordinary courage they showed and the sacrifices they made."

Special Operations Executive: This website tells the story behind the role of the Special Operations Executive during the Second World War. There are sections on Beginnings, Facts, Missions, Tools of the Trade, Operatives, Myths and Legends, the SOE in the Far East and Picture Gallery. The website is produced by Maurice A. Christie, whose father worked at the SOE Laboratories that were to make and test some of the first James Bond type Gadgets. He was later sent on a undercover operation in Singapore.

Secret Service in the Second World War: A study of the secret service during the Second World War. Biographies of forty agents and accounts of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), Special Operations Executive (SOE) and the Prosper Network. Each entry contains a narrative, illustrations and primary sources. The text within each entry is hypertexted to other relevant pages in the encyclopedia. In this way it is possible to research individual people and events in great detail. The sources are also hypertexted so the student is able to find out about the writer, artist, newspaper, organization, etc., that produced the material.

Violette Szabo: After hearing that her husband had been killed at El Alamein, Violette Szabo, developed a strong desire to get involved in the war effort and was recruited to join the Special Operations Executive (SOE). The violette Szabo Museum website tells the story of how she was parachuted into occupied France to help the resistance. Szabo was captured and executed by the Gestapo and was posthumously awarded the Croix de Guerre and the George Cross.

 

 

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