Time Search: Spartacus Educational
Forum Debates
Francis Cammaerts
Second World War Discussions
France Under Nazi Occupation
Raymond Aubrac: Hero or Informer?
The Strange Case of Klaus Barbie
René Hardy: Double Agent
(1) M. R. D. Foot, SOE in France (1966)
Albert Guerisse established the PAT escape line in which three of F section's best couriers served their clandestine apprenticeship - Andree Borrel, Madeleine Damerment, and Nancy Wake. This line eventually carried over six hundred members of the allied forces-most of them shot-down aircrew back from hostile territory to fight again. His 'sustained courage and devotion to duty beyond all normal praise. He not only kept the line in being, but preserved his own integrity in the face of torture and concentration camps after his betrayal to the Germans in March 1943; eventually he was liberated from Dachau.
(2) Patrick Howarth worked for the Special Operations Executive during the Second World War and afterwards wrote about his experiences in the book, Undercover (1980)
Nancy Wake was a strongly built girl with an exuberance and a zest for living which led some people to wonder whether she could really be equipped for the role of secret agent. She was later to tell her biographer, Russell Braddon: 'My war was full of laughter and people I loved.'
She had worked as a journalist in Sydney and as a nurse in a mental hospital. At the age of twenty-two she married, shortly after war broke out, a rich Marseilles businessman named Henri Fiocca.
In 1940 she served for a time as an ambulance driver. Later she became involved in helping the escape of British prisoners of war. She travelled regularly between Marseilles and Cannes to organize escape
routes; the Fiocca flat in Marseilles was a refuge and a rendezvous for escapers; and she came under the control of the Belgian, Albert Guerisse, who also used the name of Patrick O'Leary and who was, arguably, the greatest of all the organizers in the Second World War of escape routes for prisoners of war in Europe.
Nancy Wake was arrested by French police and handled their interrogation skilfully. (The fact that she could do so without training was to influence the judgment of those who had to decide whether she should
or should not be employed by SOE.) But she was considered too heavily compromised to remain in France. She succeeded in crossing the Spanish frontier at the fifth attempt.
After a period of training, during which her sheer vitality was at times found almost overpowering by her instructors, Nancy Wake was parachuted into the Auvergne at the end of February 1944. It was clear
to her and to the regular British Army officer, J. H. Farmer, who was in charge of their mission, that the people among whom they found themselves could develop into a powerful maquis organization.
(3) Sydney Morning Herald (25th April, 2000)
Australia's most decorated surviving war veteran, Nancy Wake, "the White Mouse", wishes to leave Australia and spend the remaining years of her life either in Britain - where many of her friends are - or France, where she rose to international fame during World War II.
"I only want one room," she says, "a bathroom and a small kitchen, anywhere over there."
Wake, 88 and widowed for the second time, lives alone on the pension on the second floor of a Port Macquarie apartment block.
She was awarded nine medals for her efforts fighting the Germans side by side with French partisans in the Auvergne region.
She had gone to Paris as a freelance journalist in the early 1930s; met and married a Marseilles millionaire, and become immediately involved in the Resistance once France fell to Germany in 1940. At great risk, she passed messages from group to group of partisans, ferried material under cover of darkness, and was part of large network which helped get Allied airmen and the like from out of the south of France and back to Britain.
So busy was she that the Gestapo called her "the White Mouse", in part it seems because whenever they had her cornered she was able to disappear. Her French husband was not so fortunate, and was executed by the Gestapo - she feels because of her activities. "I will go to my grave regretting that," she says, "for my first husband, Henri, was the love of my life."
(4) David Fickling, The Guardian (23rd February, 2000)
A woman brought up in Australia who became a heroine of the French resistance has finally been granted Canberra's highest honour, at the age of 91, and after leaving her home country to live in London.
Nancy Wake led 7,000 resistance fighters in missions to sabotage Nazi installations before D-day. Earlier she had helped more than 1,000 allied soldiers to escape to Spain.
Her activities earned her a chestful of medals from France, Britain and the US, but until now her achievements had not been formally recognised by Australia, where she lived from the age of 20 months.
She will be given the Order of Australia next month by the governor general, Sir Michael Jeffery, during his first official visit to Britain since his appointment last year.
Ms Wake's ability to evade capture was legendary, and earned her the Gestapo codename "the white mouse".
She escaped her pursuers on skis, across a hidden bridge, driving a car pursued by an aeroplane, and on one occasion by jumping from a moving train.
She has never had any regrets about her war years, during which she killed a man with her bare hands and suffered the death of her husband, who was killed by the Gestapo after refusing to reveal where she was.
She said: "I hate wars and violence but if they come then I don't see why we women should just wave our men a proud goodbye and then knit them balaclavas."
Asked about selling her medals, Ms Wake said: "There was no point in keeping them. When I die, I'll probably go to hell and they'd melt anyway. My only condition is when I die, I want my ashes scattered over the hills where I fought alongside all those men."
