After the disaster of Jarama the party changed its policy about the role of its activists and allowed Thompson, Joe Dallet, Steve Nelson, David Doran and 21 other volunteers to go to Spain.
On 25th September 1938, Juan Negrin, head of the Republican government, announced for diplomatic reasons that the International Brigades would be unilaterally withdrawn from Spain. However, General Francisco Franco failed to reciprocate and German and Italian forces remained to continue the struggle.
During the Second World War Thompson, like many members of the Abraham Lincoln Battalion, joined the US Army. As Hank Rubin pointed out in Spain's Cause Was Mine (1997): "We were pariahs to our government. When Brigaders volunteered for the armed forces in World War II, the official army line, at first, was that we were not to be sent outside of the continental limits, so that we would not have contact with European communists. This ruling was later successfully challenged. Even so, most of us were sent to the Pacific combat zone."
Thompson served as a non-commissioned officer in the 32nd Division in the Pacific. He was cited for "extraordinary heroism" during the New Guinea Campaign and won the United States Army's Distinguished Service Cross.
The case began in March, 1948. The men were defended by George W. Crockett. It was difficult for the prosecution to prove that the twelve men had broken the Alien Registration Act, as none of the defendants had ever openly called for violence or had been involved in accumulating weapons for a proposed revolution. The prosecution therefore relied on passages from the work of Karl Marx and other revolution figures from the past.
The prosecution also used the testimony of former members of the American Communist Party to help show that they had privately advocated the overthrow of the government. The most important witness against the leaders of the party was Louis Budenz, the former managing editor of the party's newspaper,The Daily Worker.
Another strategy of the prosecution was to ask the defendants questions about other party members. Unwilling to provide information on fellow comrades, they were put in prison and charged with contempt of court. The trial dragged on for eleven months and eventually, the judge, Harold Medina, who made no attempt to disguise his own feelings about the defendants, sent the party's lawyers to prison for contempt of court. After a nine month trial Thompson and other leaders of the American Communist Party were found guilty of violating the Alien Registration Act and sentenced to five years imprisonment.
Thompson jumped bail but was arrested in the California Sierras in 1954. He was given an extra four years in addition to his original three. John Gates pointed out: "In a few instances... men hoped to curry favor with the authorities by physically attacking Communist prisoners. This occurred to Bob Thompson who was hit over the head from behind with a lead pipe by a fascist Yugoslav prisoner fearing deportation to Yugoslavia and figuring that this way he could get out of it."
In April 1956 Eugene Dennis, published a report on the American Communist Party. As John Gates pointed out that it "was a devastating critique of the party's policies over a whole decade. Like all reports, it was not only his own, but had been discussed and approved by the National Committee members in advance. Dennis characterized the party's policies as super-leftist and sectarian, narrow-minded and inflexible, dogmatic and unrealistic." Thompson, William Z. Foster and Benjamin Davis, constituted a minority of the leadership that led the attack on Dennis.
Robert George Thompson suffered a fatal heart attack on 16th October, 1966. The United States Army posthumously denied him a burial at Arlington National Cemetery. However, this decision was reversed after a campaign by his widow. As the journalist, Murray Kempton wrote: "And so, an American who was brave has been judged and disposed of by Americans who are cowards of the least excusable sort, cowards who have very little to fear. Yesterday the Army called Robert Thompson's widow and said that it would send his ashes wherever she wished. Wherever those ashes go, the glory of America goes with them."
In a few instances (this never happened to Dennis and myself) men hoped to curry favor with the authorities by physically attacking Communist prisoners. This occurred to Bob Thompson who was hit over the head from behind with a lead pipe by a fascist Yugoslav prisoner fearing deportation to Yugoslavia and figuring that this way he could get out of it. This was the exception and not the rule. Generally, the other prisoners regarded the Communists highly, recognizing, as not everyone outside did, that we were not criminals but that we had been imprisoned for standing up for our views and ideals... On March 1, 1955, Dennis and I were released. Remaining behind us were Bob Thompson, who had been arrested in the California Sierras in 1954 and, for jumping bail, given four years in addition to his original three.
Robert Thompson, captain in Spain where he was wounded twice, soldier in the South Pacific in World War II where he was decorated (like Herman Bottcher) with the Distinguished Service Cross by General Clark Eichelberger for service "above and beyond the call of duty." To make the cheese more binding, jail officials in New York were suspected of inspiring a physical attack on Thompson by a Yugoslav fascist inmate who had reason to believe he would be dealt with more lightly under the immigration laws. He fractured Thompson's skull with an iron pipe. After he recovered from that - and he very nearly didn't - and was sent to Federal prison for seven years, the Veterans Administration attempted to take away his 100 percent disability pension (malaria and a new attack of an apparently arrested case of tuberculosis). Once he was safely dead, much too young, our august government attempted to deny his widow his pension and prevent his burial in Arlington National Cemetery. In each instance, it took a nationwide campaign to redress these grievances.
