In
the 19th century, Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania, became an important
source of anthracite coal. Most of the men who worked in these mines
were immigrants from Wales, England,
Germany and Ireland.
In 1868 John Siney, an Irish immigrant
who had been working in coal-mines in England, formed the Workingmen's
Benevolent Association (WBA). Siney's main objective of trying to
improve pay and working conditions. The conditions in the mines were
horrendous and the men had to endure accidents, floods, fires and
explosions. In one seven year period in Schuylkill County, 566 miners
were killed and a further 1,665 were seriously injured.
One of the worst disasters took place at Avondale colliery in 1869
when a fire killed 179 miners. This resulted in Schuylkill County
passing legislation that stated that all mines had to have more than
one opening and that it was the responsibility of the mine-owners
to provide effective ventilation. State mine inspectors were employed
but because of the power of the mine-owners this legislation was rarely
enforced.
John Siney was a moderate trade unionist
who believed in negotiating with the employers and strictly forbade
the use of violence by his members. The Workingmen's Benevolent Association
threated strike action and after a short dispute the coal-mine owners
agreed a small wage increase. Part of the deal involved Siney promising
that he would not allow miners who used or advocated violence to remain
a member of the union.
Franklin B. Gowen, president of the Philadelphia
& Reading Railroad, was unhappy about the increasing power of
the WBA. Gowen's company owned a large number of coal-mines of Schuylkill
County and feared that the activities of the WBA would reduce profits.
In 1873 Gowen approached Allan Pinkerton
of the Pinkerton Detective Agency,
about the best way of destroying the union.
Allan Pinkerton decided to send the
Irish immigrant, James McParland to
Schuylkill County. Assuming the alias of James McKenna, he found work
as a labourer in Shenandoah. Soon afterwards he joined the Workingmen's
Benevolent Association and the Shenandoah branch of the Ancient Order
of Hibernians (AOH), an organisation for Irish immigrants.
After a few months of investigations James
McParland reported back to Allan Pinkerton
that some members of the Ancient Order of Hibernians were also active
in the secret organization, the Molly Maguires. McParland estimated
that the group had about 3,000 members. Each county was governed by
a bodymaster who recruited members and gave out orders to commit crimes.
These bodymasters were usually ex-miners who now worked as saloon
keepers.
Over a two year period McParland collected evidence about the criminal
activities of the Molly Maguires. This included the murder of around
fifty men in Schuylkill County. Many of these men were the managers
of coal mines in the region.
John Kehoe, one of the leaders of the Molly Maguires became suspicious
of James McParland and began to investigate
his past. McParland was tipped off that Kehoe was planning to murder
him so he fled from the area.
In 1876 and 1877 McParland was the star witness for the prosecution
of John Kehoe and the Molly Maguires. Twenty members were found guilty
of murder and were executed. This included Kehoe, a former union activist
who was convicted of a murder that had taken place fourteen years
previously.
There was a great deal of controversy about about the way the trial
was conducted. Irish Catholics were excluded
from the juries while immigrants who could not speak English were
accepted. Welsh immigrants, who had for
a long-time been in conflict with the Irish in Schuylkill County were
also well represented on these juries.
Most of the witnesses who provided evidence in these cases were like
James McParland on the payroll of the
railroad and mining companies who were attempting to destroy the trade
union movement. In other cases, defendants were persuaded to turn
state's evidence to help convict their alleged collaborators.
It was also pointed out that most of the murder victims were employees
of small coal companies that were later taken over by the Philadelphia
and Reading company. Some historians have suggested that it was the
company run by Franklin B. Gowen, and
the man who initiated the original investigation, that had the most
to gain from these murders and the destruction of the emerging trade
union movement.
In 1883 Gowen left his post as president of the Philadelphia &
Reading Railroad and returned to his private law practice. Gowen appeared
to be doing well but on 13th December, 1889, he locked himself into
his hotel room and committed suicide by shooting himself in the head.
After a long campaign, Joseph Wayne managed to persuade the Pennsylvania
governor, Milton Shapp, to grant John Kehoe, a posthumous pardon in
1980. Wayne was Kehoe's great-grandson.
(1)
Franklin B. Gowen, speech during the trial
of the Molly Maguires (1876)
Is there a man in this audience, looking at me now, and hearing me
denounce this association, who longs to point his pistol at me ? I
tell him that he has as good chance here as he will ever have again.
I tell him that if there is another murder in this county, committed
by this organization, every one of the five hundred members of the
order in this county or out of it. who connives at it, will be guilty
of murder in the first degree, and can be hanged by the neck until
he is dead. I tell him that if there is another murder in this county
by this society, there will be an inquisition for blood with which
nothing that has been known in the annals of criminal jurist prudence
can compare.
And to whom are we indebted for this security, of which I now boast?
To whom do we owe all this? Under the divine providence of God, to
whom be all the honor and all the glory, we owe this safety to James
McParland; and if there ever was a man to whom the people of this
county should erect a monument, it is James McParland the detective.
It is simply a question between the Molly Maguires on the one side,
and Pinkerton's Detective Agency on the other; and I know too well
that Pinkerton's Detective Agency will win. There is not a place on
the habitable globe where these men can find refuge and in which they
will not be tracked down.
(2)
Cleveland Moffett, McClure's Magazine (1894)
The origin and development of the
Molly Maguires will always present a hard problem to the social philosopher,
who will, perhaps, find some subtle relation between crime and coal.
One understands the act of an ordinary murderer who kills from greed,
or fear, or hatred; but the Molly Maguires killed men and women with
whom they had had no dealings, against whom they had no personal grievances,
and from whose death they had nothing to gain, except, perhaps, the
price of a few rounds of whiskey. They committed murders by the score,
stupidly, brutally, as a driven ox turns to left or right at the word
of command, without knowing why, and without caring. The men who decreed
these monstrous crimes did so for the most trivial reasons—a
reduction in wages, a personal dislike, some imagined grievance of
a friend. These were sufficient to call forth an order to burn a house
where women and children were sleeping, to shoot down in cold blood
an employer or fellow workman, to lie in wait for an officer of the
law and club him to death. In the trial of one of them, Mr. Franklin
B. Gowen described the reign of these ready murderers as a time "when
men retired to their homes at eight or nine o'clock in the evening
and no one ventured beyond the precincts of his own door; when every
man engaged in any enterprise of magnitude, or connected with industrial
pursuits' left his home in the morning with his hand upon his pistol,
unknowing whether he would again return alive; when the very foundations
of society were being overturned."
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